Management Perspectives Corporate Social Responsibility

Process to follow when changing team structure It is inevitable once in a while to restructure an organisation in terms of resizing the employees. The restructuring process is normally referred to as retrenchment and the process must be carried out in a manner that will ensure all employees are comfortable and that the affected employees are not psychologically affected.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Perspectives: Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are various reasons that lead to loss of jobs and these may include; technological changes and closure of the workplace. For this organisation, the reason as to why there is need for a restructuring of the team is due to the current economic downturn being experienced in the world. In order to make these changes, the following process will be followed. Ensuring that the restructuring is necessary: it is important to ensu re that the process is necessary in order to avoid mistakes that may cost the company in future in terms of new employees’ recruitment costs. Evaluating alternatives: in some cases, other alternatives may be sought instead of reducing the number of employees. Some of these are; freezing new hiring, reduction of salaries and voluntary early retirement among others. In this case however, it is necessary to carry out the retrenchment process. Gathering important information on the process: it is important to get as much relevant information as possible such as the legal and economic consequences before engaging in the process of retrenchment. Carry out consultations with key stakeholders: carrying out consultations with employees, trade unions and any other stakeholders is important in ensuring that the process runs smoothly. Establish the right retrenchment procedure: it is important to create a committee to implement the retrenchment procedure and the members should be from th e organisation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Implement the retrenchment plan: the last step is to implement the plan and this involves conducting interviews with the every employee who is affected by the retrenchment as well as making sure that severance payments are made in time. Resistance to the changes and how to manage them Retrenchment is a form of organisational change just like any other and therefore there is bound to be resistance from employees. It is therefore important for management to anticipate this change and prepare adequately to handle it in a manner that will ensure that the process is successful and that all employees are left satisfied. The success or failure of the retrenchment process will greatly be influenced by how management handles the expected resistance from employees. Such resistance should be managed so that the process can be implemented in a manner that is in the best interest of all stakeholders. The main factor that may lead to employee resistance in the case of retrenchment is the lack of proper communication by management. In order to effectively manage employee resistance, the management will be expected to communicate the intentions early and to ensure that all stakeholders are involved in the process from the beginning to the end. Consultations with all stakeholders will ensure that the management and employees reach a common ground and lay down the procedure for retrenchment in consideration of the interests of all stakeholders. Such an initiative will ensure that the retrenched employees are adequately prepared for the job loss and they are also timely and adequately given their termination dues. This will help make the transition to unemployment smooth for them and also reduce the costs that the organisation may incur in terms of legal costs in case of litigations by the affected employees. Definition of corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility has been given various definitions but can be simply defined as a form of self regulation where companies incorporate the society’s interests in their business models. This involves making sure that the activities of the firm do not affect stakeholders in a negative way. There are cases where firms go beyond the simple compliance of laws and regulations to also engage in activities such as humanitarian activities for the good of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Perspectives: Corporate Social Responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is therefore true to say that organisations engage in corporate social responsibility activities as a way of taking responsibility of their actions and to ensure that their actions have no negative impact on the various stakeholders including customers, suppliers, creditors, regulat ory authorities and the employees themselves (McWilliams and Siegel 120). In the case of this firm, there are various stakeholders who may be affected by its activities. These include; the local community, the people who live downstream, the employees and their families. The action of draining the waste from the company into the local river is not in line with the principles of corporate social responsibility as it may lead to health implications for the people who consume its waters. Another issue is the plan to reduce the number of employees in the company. This may results in social problems to the families of these employees as a result of the sudden loss of income. It is therefore important to note that in the case of this company, social responsibility would involve seeking for a new way of disposing the waste and also seeking a new way of increasing the return on investment other than the proposed staff cuts. Issues to be addressed with the board In trying to ensure that the organisation is socially responsible, various issues will be brought to the attention of the board. First, the issue of waste disposal will be addressed as the current practice of disposing waste into the local river is harmful to both the environment and to the people who use its waters for domestic purposes. Suggestions will therefore be made on how to dispose the waste in a more environmentally friendly and socially responsible way. Secondly, the issue of staff cuts will be raised. This is due to the fact that retrenching employees will mean loss of income and this may affect them and their families in a negative way. Suggestions of other options of increasing the return on the investors’ capital will be made in order to ensure that employees are not retrenched. It is also important to note that the retrenched employees may be affected psychologically and they may therefore not be able to engage in any other income generating activities. Benefits and limitations of being s ocially responsible The main benefit of being socially responsible for an organisation is that it gains a positive reputation in the society and this is normally followed by increased business activities. Being socially responsible also helps the firm to attract and maintain talented employees due to the fact that most people like to be identified with reputable firms.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The limitations of being socially responsible are based on the shareholder theory which argues that the actions of management should be directed towards maximising shareholder wealth. Management may therefore focus more on being socially responsible and forget their main objective. It is therefore important to balance the two objectives (Bhattacharya, Sankar and Daniel 125). Works Cited Bhattacharya, CB, Sankar Sen and Daniel Korschun, Leveraging Corporate Social Responsibility: The Stakeholder Route to Business and Societal Value. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011. McWilliams, Abagail and Siegel, Donald, â€Å"Corporate social responsibility: A theory of the firm perspective†. Academy of Management Review 26 (2001): 117–127. This essay on Management Perspectives: Corporate Social Responsibility was written and submitted by user Korbin Banks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Pascal, Blaise

Pascal, Blaise, 1623-62, French scientist and religious philosopher. Studying under the path of his father, a civil servant, Pascal showed great intelligencies, especially in mathematics and science. Before he was 16 he wrote a paper on conic sections, which won the respect of the mathematicians of Paris; at 19 he invented a calculating machine. Credited with founding the modern theory of probability, Pascal also discovered the properties of the cycloid and contributed to the advance of differential calculus. In physics his experiments increased knowledge of atmospheric pressure through barometric measurements and of the equilibrium of fluids. As a young man, Pascal came under the influence of Jansenism, and in 1651 his sister Jacqueline, who had also embraced Jansenist beliefs, entered the convent at Port-Royal, the center of the movement. As a result of the death of his father and of his own narrow escape from death, Pascal in 1654 experienced what he called a conversion and therea fter turned much of his attention to religion. When Antoine Arnauld, a noted Jansenist, was attacked by the Jesuits, Pascal championed him in his Lettre escrite un provincial (1656). Those Provincial Letters, rendered into Latin, quickly circulated throughout Europe, and they still hold a leading place in the literature of polite irony. Pascal's religious writings were after the death of his father and published as Pensees de M. Pascal sur la religion et sur quelques autres sujets (1670). For a modern edition Thoughts: An Apology for Christianity (1955). In the Pensees, famous both as a religious and philosophical classic, Pascal states his belief in the inadequacy of reason to solve man's difficulties or to satisfy his hopes. He preached instead the final necessity of mystic faith for true understanding of the universe and its meaning to man.... Free Essays on Pascal, Blaise Free Essays on Pascal, Blaise Pascal, Blaise, 1623-62, French scientist and religious philosopher. Studying under the path of his father, a civil servant, Pascal showed great intelligencies, especially in mathematics and science. Before he was 16 he wrote a paper on conic sections, which won the respect of the mathematicians of Paris; at 19 he invented a calculating machine. Credited with founding the modern theory of probability, Pascal also discovered the properties of the cycloid and contributed to the advance of differential calculus. In physics his experiments increased knowledge of atmospheric pressure through barometric measurements and of the equilibrium of fluids. As a young man, Pascal came under the influence of Jansenism, and in 1651 his sister Jacqueline, who had also embraced Jansenist beliefs, entered the convent at Port-Royal, the center of the movement. As a result of the death of his father and of his own narrow escape from death, Pascal in 1654 experienced what he called a conversion and therea fter turned much of his attention to religion. When Antoine Arnauld, a noted Jansenist, was attacked by the Jesuits, Pascal championed him in his Lettre escrite un provincial (1656). Those Provincial Letters, rendered into Latin, quickly circulated throughout Europe, and they still hold a leading place in the literature of polite irony. Pascal's religious writings were after the death of his father and published as Pensees de M. Pascal sur la religion et sur quelques autres sujets (1670). For a modern edition Thoughts: An Apology for Christianity (1955). In the Pensees, famous both as a religious and philosophical classic, Pascal states his belief in the inadequacy of reason to solve man's difficulties or to satisfy his hopes. He preached instead the final necessity of mystic faith for true understanding of the universe and its meaning to man....

Finance paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Finance paper - Assignment Example On June 25, 2002, one of the largest telecommunications company, WorldCom announced that its revenues in first quarter has been overstated by over $3.8 billion. This announcement came as surprise to the investors in financial markets. The company filed bankruptcy on July 21, 2002. Prior to the announcement, the share price of the company soared as high as $64.50/share in mid-90’s which came down to less than $2/share. Similar to case of Enron, the retirement benefits and savings plan of WorldCom heavily suffered as by end of 2000 the company had 32 percent of $642.3 million of retirement funds in form of stock options. Immediately after the emergence of the scandals, Bush Administration announced that will disqualify WorldCom form all existing Federal Government contracts. Further, the House Committee on Financial Services along with Senate Committee on Housing, Banking, and Urban Affairs investigated the cases related to recent accounting scandals of WorldCom and Enron. In response to these hearing SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) was enacted on July 30, 2002. The act recommended establishment of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board that develops standard accounting for audit and increases corporate social responsibility. The mortgage meltdown has been believed to actually begin with burst of US housing bubble in 2001 that sharply increased to maximum in 2005. The â€Å"bubble† is an economic condition that occurs in local or global real estate markets where the valuation of house properties reaches unrealistic and unsustainable levels. The research has found that many economists believed that US housing bubble was mainly caused from historically low interest rates. After the burst of â€Å"dot-com† bubble in 2000 and then consequently following recession, FED cut short term interest rates to from 6.5 percent to 1 percent. The US subprime borrowing

Casestudy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Casestudy - Coursework Example The English Law of contract is clear on the fact that any agreement that is enforceable in a court of law is considered a contract. Offer and acceptance are some of the most important features of a contract (Collins, 2003). In this particular case, one party makes an offer for a certain arrangement, and the other party accepts the terms of the arrangement. Neither offer nor acceptance has to be made through writing or through making oral statements. This type of contract is referred to as an implied contract in which certain terms are not expressed or explained in words (National Archives, 2010). This seems to be the kind of agreement that Eddie had with Adele. Once he ordered for his piglets, Adele expected him to accept and pay for the services rendered. Adele has every right to demand for compensation from Eddie, who had made it clear in his communication that he would get the piglets for Eddie. In the Smith v. Hughes 1871 LR 6 QB 597 case, one cannot go against a contract at will (Young, 2010). Before Eddie met his second supplier, he had intended to honour his agreement with Adele because it was a business agreement. However, just because he found a cheap alternative, he disregarded his earlier agreement with Adele. ... ad already agreed to buy them from someone else can be considered to be a breach of contract and Eddie might be required by a court of law to pay Adele in damages. Adele had spent a lot of money getting the piglets and she had already sent the driver on the way to Eddie’s shop to drop the order, but she had to cancel at the last minute after she got the call from Eddie. The lack of timely communication in this case further complicates matters for both parties, because each one of them was assuming the other was acting in a certain way. In Merritt v. Merritt 1970 1 WLR 121, the courts regarded Mr. and Mrs. Merritt to have entered an agreement with the intention of creating legal requirements (Young, 2010). When Eddie was requesting for the piglets from Adele, he knew that he wanted to agree to the terms that Adele would set. In Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Company 1877 2 AC 666, the company never wrote to Brogdan formalizing their business arrangement. However, for two years, Metropolitan had conducted itself in a manner that showed that the business arrangement was formal and Brogdan was bound to honour the agreement (Poole, 2006). This means that if Eddie and Adele had been conducting business together for a long time, then any agreement they made in the course of business would have been considered binding for both of them. Edie has argued that it was his right to make an agreement with whomever he pleased, therefore, he does not consider to be indebted to Adele for failing to honour his part of the agreement. However, Adele may have a strong case if the courts decide that the agreement is enforceable. In Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd 1932 UKHL 2, the House of Lords ruled that the terms of the agreement were enforceable when consider dint he context of the previous

Product concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Product concepts - Assignment Example h the highest sales were from women apparel at $110,826 million, followed by that of men at $54,932 and children and infants at $34,235 (The Statistics Portal). Women are great shoppers and their tastes change with the trending fashion and style, which also aligned with the technological transformations that were taking place in the industry, such as online marketing and selling (Spencer Para 2). I believed I had a role to play in growing my parent’s business, which also enable me to advance my skills in operating my own business, which I believe I will have following my graduation. Therefore, I started marketing the products that my parents designed using my social media platform, Facebook, which was listed as the social media channel with the highest number of users across the globe (Niciporuc 1). The idea was that since I have a passion for technology I can also bring the two business ideas together and ensure that they complement each other. In other words, I would use the social media to connect and interact with my friends while at the same time I will be marketing the clothing designs and other products that I had made. Through this the customer based for my apparel retail business would grow, especially the target market; that is women. Niciporuc, Tudor. "Comparative analysis of the engagement rate on Facebook and Google Plus social networks." Proceedings of International Academic Conferences. No. 0902287. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences,

Management theories applied to a UK Restaurant

Management theories applied to a UK Restaurant There are a lot of foreign restaurants have opened in UK in this years and these restaurants are growing popular both with UK nationals and foreign visitors to the UK. I am working as an assistant manager restaurant called Smith. This business is the family business and they are thinking about extending and developing a chain of restaurants across the UK like other foreign companies. The owner and manager, Mr Smith is himself a foreigner who has lived in the UK for many years. His family in Africa operates a chain of restaurants business across the African countries and therefore he is very familiar with this kind of business. Introduction Smiths restaurant is located in central London and close to many attractions and easily accessible by public transport. The restaurant has seen a big increase in sale due to the popularity of European and International cuisines. According to these factors Mr Smith want to open the similar restaurants across the UK. Gather Information The restaurant is currently using the typical hierarchical structure. Mr Smith is the owner and also the managing director. He had two assistants and three supervisors but he direct control over management and operational issues such as the hiring of staff, marketing and sales promotion. . Mr Smith Managing Director Staff Staff Staff Assistant Manager Assistant Manager Staff Supervisor Supervisor There are small accounting and finance department headed by Mr Smiths son Peter. He is currently studying for a degree in accounting and only works part time. Mr Smith himself takes some of the duties in this department too. Centralization and Decentralization Mr Smith restaurant is now in centralization structure an it have several layers of management that control the company by maintaining a high level of authority, which is the power to make decisions concerning business activities. With a centralized structure, line-and-staff employees have limited authority to carry something out without prior approval. The top management telling middle management and then tells supervisors. Then the supervisors tell the staffs what to do and how to do it. In this case Mr Smith has to think about the decentralization policy to change in business extension plan. Decentralization seeks to eliminate the unnecessary levels of management and to place authority in the hands of assistant managers and supervisor. Although that policy helps Mr Smith some part of the duties, its increasing the span of control, with more employees reporting to one manager. Because more employees are reporting to a single manager than before, the managers are forced to delegate more work and to hold the employees more accountable. Tall and Flat structure There is other structure to look at for the Mr Smith business plan. A tall structure is the structure which Mr Smith using it now. A tall structure is one with many levels from the top management level to the operating level. A tall structure usually implies a narrow span of control for supervisors and managers and a greater degree of devolved decision-making, but requires many more supervisory and managerial staff. It also leads to the long vertical communication, and possibly to weaker communication between top management and staffs. In a tall structure the hierarchy is generally problems of coordination are always present. Nowadays many large corporations have set about reducing their hierarchy in order to introduce a flatter structure. The flat structure contains fewer levels between the top and bottom of the organisation. The result for the using this structure is a few supervisor and management staff, and wider spans of control for those who remain. This structure leads to more centralised decision-making. However, to avoid this increasing centralization by encourage all the levels of staff carry greater personal responsibility for their role and duty. Organisational Culture Organisational culture affects behaviour through a deep-rooted system of values, attitudes and beliefs. Culture is specific to the organisation and is learned behaviour. Different organisations have a different feel or climate that reflects their culture. This may be reflected in the degree of formality and task or people orientation; the dress code; accepted behaviours and expected performance levels. Charles Handy (1985) looking at culture which used to link to organizational structure to organizational culture. He describes four types of culture; A Power Culture which concentrates power among a few. Control radiates from the center like a web. Power Cultures have few rules and little bureaucracy; swift decisions can ensue. In a Role Culture, people have clearly delegated authorities within a highly defined structure. Typically, these organizations form hierarchical bureaucracies. Power derives from a persons position and little scope exists for expert power. By contrast, in a Task Culture, teams are formed to solve particular problems. Power derives from expertise as long as a team requires expertise. These cultures often feature the multiple reporting lines of a matrix structure. A Person Culture exists where all individuals believe themselves superior to the organization. Survival can become difficult for such organizations, since the concept of an organization suggests that a group of like-minded individuals pursue the organizational goals. Some professional partnerships can operate as person cultures, because each partner brings a particular expertise and clientele to the firm. (P1, P2) Organisational behaviour and management theories Organisational behaviour is a term applied to the systematic study of the behaviour of individual within work groups, including an analysis of the nature of groups, the development of structure between and within group, and the process of implementing change. The rationale of organisational behaviour is to predict or control individual and group behaviour in the pursuit of management goals, which may or may not be shared throughout the organisation. Organisational behaviour also includes in many areas what might be called management theory. Management theory is especially concerned with issues of goal-setting, resource-deployment, employee motivation, team-work, leadership, control, coordination, and performance measurement. Management theory has been approached form a number of different perspective, each identifying problematic issues and usually, proposing a range of possible solutions. These are some of the management groupings as follows; Human Relations Theorists Perspective Typical Issues Exponents Dates social, ie attention to peoples social needs at work Group identity Workers as members of a group Importance of informal groups Elton Mayo Roethlisbeger Dickson 1927-36 Social Psychological School Perspective Typical issues Exponents Dates Individual needs and motivation Acknowledgement of individual contribution Individual needs Personal motivators Self-actualisation Achievement Individual independence Supportive relationships Abraham Maslow Douglas McGregor F.Herzberg R.Likert C.Argyris D.McClelland 1950s 1960s Leadership theorists Perspective Typical issues Exponents Dates Leadership qualities and style Nature of the qualities Leadership styles Situational/ functional aspects of leadership Contingency approach D. McGregor Tannenbaum/Schmidt C.Argyris Blake/Mouton F.E Fiedler Victor Vroom John Adair W.Reddin 1950s 1960s 1960s 1970s Improvements in work performance and effectiveness are depending how excellence in management processes. It is important for managers to understand behaviour in a number of areas. Attitudes: dynamic change in the environment demands rapidly change form organisations and this means their behaviour must change. Employee attitudes to change are often resistant since people feel more secure with the familiar and habitual. They are naturally apprehensive and fear they may be disadvantaged by change and worry they may not be able to learn new skills. For this problem manager must understand the attitudes and perceptions of their employees and respond proactively to reduce resistance for change. This might involve open communication action, participation in the change process and attention to a new wage work bargain. Motivation: is the most importance in the organisation achieving the goals. Managers must not only understand the needs that drive employee behaviour, they must appreciate the processes involved in making motivation effective in improving performance. Needs may vary with the individuals level in the organisational hierarchy and what might be effective with one individual might not be with another. Having the right equipment, people skills and organisational framework is not a guarantee of excellent performance. Employees and managers must be motivated to achieve organisational goals. Communication: organisations depend on receiving and transmitting information to achieve the co-ordination necessary to achieve their goals. Managers must understand this behaviour if they are to ensure a communication process that allows a clear, understandable and fast transmission of information to support decision making without unnecessary distortion or noise. Human nature also leads to extensive informal communications that do not follow the chain of command. Conflict: when negative, this can inhibit the achievement of organisational goals and adversely affect morale and performance. Managers have to understanding of organisational behaviour will appreciate that conflict can be positively correlated with goal achievement where it releases tensions, stimulates ideas or challenges the status quo. Manager also needs to recognise the behaviour signs of negative conflict and understand the mean by which this type of conflict may be resolved. (P4) Motivational theories There are a lot of motivation theories for Mr Smith business plan. These are some theories which are suitable for Mr Smith business plan. A motive is a need or a driving force within a person. The process of motivation involves choosing between alternative forms of action in order to achieve some desired end or goal. Mr Smith is now using the Theory X and Y style (stick and carrot) form Mc Gregor scientific management. Theory X makes the assumption that the average human being has an: Inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible, Is lazy Wishes to avoid responsibility, Has relatively little ambition Wants security above all This is the person should use the stick. They have to controlled, directed and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort towards the achievement of organisational goals. Theory Y makes the following general assumptions: Work can be as natural as play and rest. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs such as self-fulfilment Under these conditions, people will seek responsibility. Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. This is the person should use the carrot. They have their personal goals and the motivator has to fulfill their quest with organisational goals together. Victor Vroom Expectancy theory The best known contribution to the process theory of motivation is the work on expectancy models of motivation developed by Victor Vroom. Vroom believes that people will be motivated to do things to reach a goal if they believe in the worth of that goal and if they can see that what they do will help them in achieving it. Peoples motivation toward doing anything is the product of the anticipated worth that an individual places on a goal and the chances of achieving that goal. It may be stated as: From the Vroom theory, Mr Smith has to motivate the employees by the individual goal and chances of achieve the goal. Mr Smith has to show the employees the goal is clear and it is worth to reach that goal. He is trying to increased activity from reduce the staff lunch breaks from one hour to thirty minutes. He argues that he pays his employees very well and they will have to be happy with whatever decisions he made. Mr Smith is using the one of the motivation theory called Herzberg motivation Theory. Herzberg that monetary methods of motivation have little value; firms still use money as a major incentive. There are a variety of payment systems that a business could use to motivate the employees. Advantage Simple and easy to use for businesses Disadvantage Workers may resent being paid the same as a colleague who they feel is not so productive These are the some of the motivation theories for Mr Smith business extension plan to cover. Mr Smith has to look at the monetary methods is not the only solution in organisation, there are so many theories to motivate the employees and always aware of the individual goals of the staffs, then to get the organisational goals with fulfil their wish. (P7) Empowerment Empowerment is like delegation. It is when power or authority is given to employees so they can make their own decisions regarding their working life. Mr Smith should think about the empowerment in future business plan that will also improve in motivation of employees and help in chain organisation. Thats why Mr Smith must use the right management style and structure in his future business extension plan. Blake and Moultons managerial grid There are a lot of management theories using in business organisation these days. This is the one of the management theory which can help Mr Smith business plan. 1.1 Impoverished management- shows a minimum of concern for either people or production. This type of manager exerts just the minimum effort to get the work done and has little interest in his or her subordinates. 9.1 Task Oriented management- is concerned only with the work and has little interest in people. Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree. 5.5 middle of the road- management- balances the necessity to produce with maintaining morale at a satisfactory level in order to achieve adequate organisational performance. 1.9 The country club style- management is all about the people and shows little concern for getting the work done. Thoughtful attention is paid to the needs of the staff for satisfying relationships, leading to a comfortable, friendly atmosphere and work tempo. This is sometimes called country club management. 9.9 Team management- is seen as the ideal. The manager gets the work accomplished by committed people. He or she tries to provide a situation where workers and the organisations goals are the same and this interdependence through a common stake in the organisation leads to relationships based on trust and respect. Blake and Moulton considered that all managers should strive to attain 9.9 on the grid, with training being directed to this end. (P8) Effective Teamwork in Organisation -Teams have been described as collections of people who must rely on group collaboration if each member is to experience the optimum of success. -A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Team success due to: Synergy: 2+2=5 Co-operation increases efficiency, quality, and commitment Atmosphere created by cohesive groups encourages participation Communication and good leadership help to maintain rapport Mr Smith has to look at in the area of teamwork in his future business plan. Teamwork is one of the most important facts in organisation. Without teamwork any organisation couldnt cope in critical situation. These are some effective team development process; Wilemon and Thamhain have developed a model, which they refer to as a multidimensional framework, to guide the project team-development process. This team-development model indicates that the team-development process is composed of the following tasks and goals: Recruiting of team members Climate setting for team development Goal setting Role clarification Procedure development Decision-making Control Using the effective team development in organisation Mr Smith can easily manage from head office to overseas of the chain of restaurants. (P10) Finding and Analysis Management Management is a structured process involving planning, organising, directing, co-ordinating and controlling a range of resources, to achieve pre-determined objectives. THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT The classical school was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organisation and management. It arose at the end of the last century as the early writers sought to make sense of the newly emerging large-scale business organisations. They focused on: Purpose and Structure: The approach centres on understanding the purpose of an organisation and then examining its structure. Operations: The next level of focus is on the operations which have to be undertaken within an organisation to meet the objectives. Groupings of functions: This is followed by the logical groupings of functions to form individual jobs, sections, departments and so on. Span of control: Special care is taken over the span of control within management. Co-ordination is affected by clear hierarchies which identify authority, responsibility and accountability, and by duties being clearly specified for each post. Efficiency: A key emphasis in all of this is a belief in the efficiency of specialisation of labour individuals being responsible for one particular task to the exclusion of others, and thus being able to build up expertise in that task and contribute to the greater efficiency of the whole. F .W Taylor and the Scientific School In 1911, Frederick W Taylors book the Principles of Scientific Management was published and, with it, management as a separate field of study started. The main elements of this view of management are: The detailed and careful analysis of all processes and tasks within the organisation to identify each component part; The review of all routines and working methods, using (principally) time and motion studies now called work study to find the best way to do the job; The standardisation of all working methods, equipment and procedures, so that the precise way in which each task should be done can be laid down and monitored; The scientific selection and training of workers who would then become first-class at their particular jobs; The introduction of payment on a piecework basis, which would both be an incentive to maximise productivity and produce high wages for the workers, although there would be penalties for falling below the prescribed standard a fair days pay for a fair days work in Taylors words. HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL This began through the work of G Elton Mayo (1880-1949) who, with others, conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne plant of the General Electric Company in Chicago during the years 1927-32. Mayo sought to evaluate the effects of the changes in physical working conditions, which, according to scientific management, should cause significant variations in productivity. Thus lighting, noise levels, etc. were adjusted and resulting output changes noted. The researchers concluded that group relationships and management worker communication were far more important in determining employee behaviour than were physical conditions and the working practices imposed by management. Also, wage levels were not the dominant motivating factor for most workers. Further research established the following propositions of the human relations school. Employee behaviour depends primarily on the social and organisational circumstances of work. Leadership style, group cohesion and job satisfaction are major determinants of the outputs of the working group. Employees work better if they are given a wide range of tasks to complete. Standards set internally by a working group influence employee attitudes and perspectives more than standards set by management. Starbucks coffee company: believes that their employees are one of their important assets in that their only sustainable advantage is the quality of their workforce. They have accomplished building a national retail company by creating pride in the labour produced through an empowering corporate culture, exceptional employee benefits, and employee stock ownership programs. The culture towards employees is laid back and supportive. Employees are empowered by management to make decisions without management referral and are encouraged to think of themselves as a part of the business. Management stands behind these decisions. Starbucks has avoided a hierarchical organizational structure and has no formal organizational chart. Starbucks Company basically use the Human Relationship management by Elton Mayo to become success retail company in the world wide. KFCs Fried Chicken Restaurant: strategy of KFC is currently working with is to improve operating efficiencies. This in turn can directly impact the operating profit of the firm. In 1989, KFC centered on elimination of overhead costs and increased efficiency. This reorganization was in the U.S. operations and included a revision of KFCs crew training programs and operating standards. They emphasized customer service, cleaner restaurants, faster and friendlier service, and continued high-quality products. In 1992, KFC continued with reorganization in its middle management ranks. KFCs is using the middle management style form Blake and Moultons managerial grid. It is also help the KFCs company to one of the famous restaurant around the world. Mr Smith himself has to choose the right management style and practice in his future business to become a successful organisation around the world. Above information will give Mr Smith to right decision to choose management style for his future business plan. (P5) An individual at work is seemed by other in three principal ways: As a physical person having gender, age, race and size characteristics; As a person with a range of abilities (intellectual, physical and social); As a personality (ie; someone is having a particular kind of temperament). In these three of factors personality of individual must have to look at in every organisation. Personality types are great effective in organisation when we look at in leadership, group and teamwork etc; in such areas. Personality those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form the basis for our predictions concerning his/her behaviour (Wright et al., 1970) These are the factors impact on the Personality of individuals; Genetic factors there is significant evidence to suggest that our genetic inheritance plays a role in developing our personality. Children, especially twins, are observed to inherit common family traits. Also our physical attributes, which are all genetically determined, may influence how others treat us and may in turn affect how we view ourselves. Social factors these are the factors that could influence personality as a result of interacting with other people. Socialisation is the process of being taught how to behave and how to feel by family, friends and other significant people within a social setting. Humans are social animals and so it is to be expected that social interaction will affect our personality and behaviour.. Cultural factors these are wider social beliefs and values that are absorbed by an individual, and guide behaviour towards that which is acceptable within a social context. This varies across cultures with Americans exhibiting a strong need to achieve whereas in Japan there is an equally strong need to support the team. Situational factors these reflect the effects of specific experiences or situations on a persons feelings and behaviour. There will have been certain events in your life that have had a significant effect on you. Bereavement may literally change the whole personality of an affected person. A persons personality might also change if his or her role changes, e.g. being sent to prison. Because people have different personalities, managers must consider the following work behaviour in organisation: The compatibility of an individuals personality with his task different personality types fit different types of work and this most be taken into consideration when allocating work The compatibility of an individuals personality with the systems and management culture of the organisation some people hate to be controlled whiles others seek active supervision and control. Managers must be aware of these when adopting a particular style of management. The compatibility of an individuals personality with that of others in the team personality clashes are often the major cause of conflict at work and this must be considered when forming teams. (P3) Leadership in Organisation Leadership is a process by which individuals are influenced so that they will be prepared to participate in the achievement of organisational or group goals. It is the role of the leader to obtain the commitment of individuals to achieving these goals. Formal leaders are those appointed to positions within a hierarchy in the organisational structure. The informal leader may exercise appreciable influence within a workgroup. Although not necessarily in a post with any formal authority, and thus unable to issue formal instructions and directives, such a person may initiate action through friends or colleagues, or block action, in conflict with the formal leaders wishes. There are number of different approaches to leadership. Mullins provides a framework within which to analyse and understand the complexities of the subject. It embraces the following approaches: Traits- views leaders as born and not made due to inherited characteristics personality focus. Functions- focus on what leaders do (roles and responsibilities) assumes they can be learnt. Behaviour- concentrates on how leaders behave and influence subordinates and is linked to style. Style- combines functions and behaviour to produce alternative effects on subordinates; Contingency- Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making. Situational- based on the recognition that different styles are required in different situations. All these leadership approaches are using in the today business organisation. Mr Smith has to look at the most effective and suitable for his future business plan. For leaders to be effective, they must be able to perform the following functions or roles: An executive co-ordinating group activities and developing norms and policies; A planner deciding the means by which goals will be achieved; An expert source of key information and specialised skills; A figurehead representative of the group, and communications link; An exemplar setting standards and expectations and providing a unified front; An arbitrator resolving conflicts; A father figure a focus for group feelings; An ideologist setting standards of behaviour. According to Mr Smith business plan, he must look at the Professor Adairs action-centred leadership. The model is where task, group and individual needs are interconnected in the context of total leadership. According to him an effective leader is a leader who is able to: Satisfy task needs the leader ensures that the purpose, i.e. completion of the task, is fulfilled. The leadership function includes setting objectives, planning and allocation of resources, setting standards and control to ensure achievement. Satisfy group needs until the task is completed the group has to be held together; the leader must maintain team spirit and build morale, be a spokesperson, motivation communicate and maintain discipline Satisfy individual needs each member of a group or team has individual needs and the leader should try to ascertain these needs and work towards satisfying them as far as is possible within the groups needs. If Mr Smith can use this leadership style in organisation, it will be beneficial to all level in his future business organisation. (P6) The nature of groups and group behaviour within organisation A group comprises two or more individuals who interact in the collective pursuit of a common goal. They share values and goals, are involved in regular activities together, and identify themselves as members of the group and are identified as such by others. In the view of group development process the most accepted is that advanced by Tuckman (1965), which comprises four main stages: Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjoining/Mourning Forming: The group comes together and gets to initially know one other and form as a group. Storming:Â  A chaotic vying for leadership and trialling of group processes Norming: Eventually agreement is reached on how the group operates (norming) Performing: The group practices its craft and becomes effective in meeting its objectives. Tuckman added a 5th stage 10 years later: 5. Adjourning: The process of unforming the group, that is, letting go of the group structure and moving on. In 1996 Cole identified the factors that influence group behaviour in organisation. These are the following factors; Size Leadership and management style Cohesiveness Motivation of group members Norms of groups Group/team roles The environment The group task Learning the nature group and behaviour in organisation, we should also

Fredrick Douglas Essay -- essays research papers

In Douglas Monroy’s essay â€Å"The Creation and Re-creation of California Society,† the thesis is that studying history of California is not just about changes in state’s political concerns but is more about relation with human existence. First, he talks about land and liberty and how Californians settled at the landscape. Second, Douglas explains about the life in present day California. Last, he talks about Californios and Indios. Douglas Monroy’s purpose in writing this essay is to inform readers of how California and the inhabitants were in the 1800s by showing detailed life style. The author provides a couple of interesting evidences about land and liberty in California. The first thing that I found interesting is a story about Governor Echeandia and his administration. He arrived in California and formed study groups back in 1825. This actually got some young men involved and excited about the ideas of liberty and equality. An ironic fact is that male children born to original settlers and presidial soldiers maintained control over the concerns in California, which in today’s society is hard to believe. The life on the Ranchos was perhaps the most interesting out of all, because of how one family took care of Sonoma area, Mariano Vallejo, which husbanded twenty-five thousand cows, twenty-four thousand sheep and two thousand horses. It is unbelievable to a present day Californian like me. There was one sentence that actually surprised me. I thought that boys were more impo...

Ap World Midterm Study Guide

1. Hinduism- Caste System, Enlightenment, no holy book, no single founder, India, polytheistic, Buddhism- India, no caste system, egalitarian, Siddhartha Gautama, missionaries, Nirvana, Eight fold path, four noble truths, Enlightenment Christianity-Monotheistic, Jesus, Bible, Jerusalem, Missionaries, Heaven and Hell 2. Domestication of Animals, Complex societies, Specialization, Cities, Government, Religion, Record Keeping, Social Classes, Technology 3. Located near rivers, Agriculture, irrigation, Rulers, social hierarchy, 4. Development of Agriculture and Domestication 5. Democracy, Representative, voting, Senate, ruler 6. Buddhism- Zen Buddhism, Filial Piety, Hinduism-not syncretic Christianity-Catholic, Protestant, Baptist, Lutheran 7. Size, Bureaucracies, Emphasis on Family, Roads, Religions, Han-Confucianism, Rome-Christianity, 8. Nomadic, Clans, Wars over oasis, no central religion, Chiefs of clans, 9. Pray every day towards Mecca, Alms giving, Hajj to Mecca, fasting, Declaration of Faith 10. In Arabian peninsula spread through trade and missionaries, contagious 11. Sense of Unity, peace among the clans, sacred texts were stored 12. Housewives 13. Each invasion caused the capital to move north 14. LEFT BLANK 15. LEFT BLANK 16. Missionaries 17. Started to decline 18. Many were animistic, salt as a substitute for gold 19. Christian, rich due to slaves 20. United the people 21. Arabian Peninsula, Red or Black sea, 22. Barter 23. Major trade routes influenced Kiev Russia 24. Structures, law codes, bureaucracy 25. Patriarch held power, rituals, priest celibacy, orthodox priests could marry, excommunication each other in 1054 26. Similar to china, emperor ordained by god, head of church and state, practiced lay investiture, women eld imperial throne (exe Empress Theodora and Zoe), byzantine bureaucrats recruited from all classes, recruited troops, empire depended on Constantinople 27. Lost land, economic decline, Constantinople fell 28. Social examination, formal 29. Used to regain the holy land, last crusade sacked Constantinople, pope ordered it, increase of trade, established religious capital 30. Lords and vassals, serfs, relied on agriculture, fiefs, 3 field system, technology advancements 31. Religious Leaders- Pope, Bishops, Priests, Pope Urban II, Gregory IV, Literary Leaders- Chaucer, Machiavelli, Thomas Aquinas Philosophical Leaders- Saint Clare, Saint Francis 32. Trade increase, manufacturing, territorial gain, 33. both had slaves, West Africa relied on Hunting and gathering, South America had agriculture, 34. Disease, gunpowder 35. Peasants, kings 36. Wars, trade, military 37. Indians, hunter gatherer 38. Aztecs conquered the toltecs 39. Anti-Buddhist, rejected 40. Status of women decreased 41. Unification by Wendi, ended famine, lowered taxes, Yang Di overworked peasants 42. Better examination system, paper money, plow, grand canal, junk ships 43. Male dominance, revival of Confucianism 4. Both had a bureaucracy and examination exam, Chinese had a dynastic succession, Europeans had a fight for power, in china empresses are possible, 45. Peasants reduced to serfdom, over worked, 46. Yi, Koryo, Silla 47. Manorial System, everyone had an important society, 48. Military Elites eventually became part of the imperial court 49. Dynasties, all modeled after Chinese except for Vietnam 50. Women w ere almost equal to men, herded a lot, warlike 51. Golden Horde-affected Russia Empire of Kublai Khan-China Ilkhan- Persia Djagatai –central Asia 52. Mongols cut Russia off, inhibited culture and technology, Mongols destroyed the Islamic heartland 53. Tumens 1k cavalries 54. Harsh, no prosperity, short-lived, smaller conquests 55. Clothing, Arabians spread religion to Indians, Arabs spread technology to Europe, Europeans wanted to trade with India 56. Peasant uprisings, high taxes, abuse of power, Mongol threat, economic decline 57. Increase trade, conquest, Portuguese freed Ethiopians from Islam 58. Increased influence through the arts, Enlightenment, Literature by Machiavelli and others 59. Disease, slave trade, fall of many civilizations 60. Technology, Animals, Leadership, Conquest 61. World Trade, Slaves 62. Decreased population, Inflation, Competition 63. Guns, Boats, Technology 64. Core Area-main area of power in country, Dependent Zone- are dependent on core areas 65. Australia, 66. God doesn’t influence life, people control their own life 67. Based on scientific findings, god wasn’t involved 68. Against sacraments, against priest celibacy, protested against the Catholics, 30 years war, more conflicts, 69. Sell more than you buy, everyone tried to sell their wares 70. Louis the XIV suppressed the nobility, gained all the power, spread around 71. Russia had a smaller economy, Russia was technologically limited, Russia was bigger, exerted more power 72. Tsar suppressed the local nobility 73. Westernization, too much imports, not enough exports 74. Brutal, overworked, not advanced in technology, 75. Serfdom in Russia, Slaves in Western Europe, absolute monarchies in both 76. Militaristic, White, strong leadership, imperialistic 77. Discovery of gold and silver, inflation 78. Plantations, slaves, 79. Imaginary North to South line, separates Spanish and Portuguese colonies 80. Based on plantations, silver mining, slave trade 1. Replaceable, easy to attain, cheap, complimentary industries flourished 82. Gun slave trade, internal strife, dominance, War for slaves 83. Set up ports, applied own rules, controlled coast, supplied arms, 84. Common sense 85. Decrease in males, increase in polygamy, decrease in labor 86. Powerful, lots of land, Good government, 87. A bigot, 88. Internal strife, Isma’il took power 89. Under safavids treated poorly, under the ottomans treated well 90. Cared less about the dynasties progress and more over the arts, 91. Difference-religion, Similarity- education and learning,

Complete Guide Colleges Not Requiring SAT Scores

Complete Guide Colleges Not Requiring SAT Scores SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Not all admissions processes are created equal. One major point of difference among colleges these days is how admissions officers consider your SAT scores. More and more schools are de-emphasizing SAT scores as part of your application with test-optional and test-flexible policies. One college has even eliminated SAT scorescompletely! There are now more than 1,000 accredited, bachelor-degree granting institutions that have changed their approaches to standardized test scores. Keep in mind that the majority of colleges, especially the more prestigious schools, do still require (and strongly consider) SAT scores. Let’s take a look at the different score policies and the schools that no longer require applicants to submit their SAT scores for admission. // What Is Test Optional? A test-optional policy leaves the decision up to youas to whether or not you want to send SAT scores to a school.In other words, SAT-optional colleges do not require you to send your scores. Instead, you must decide whether or not your test results are an accurate representation of your academic ability and potential. // Just as with the rest of your application, you can be purposeful in crafting your candidacy to a test-optional college. This leaves you with more choice and control over how you can present your strengths to admissions officers. // Some highly ranked SAT-optional schools include the following: Bates College Bowdoin College Bryn Mawr College The George Washington University Hofstra University Pitzer College (for students with a ≠¥3.5 unweighted GPA or who are in the top 10% of their high school class) Sarah Lawrence College Smith College (for US citizens/permanent residents) University of Chicago University of Iowa Wake Forest University Wesleyan University (for students attending US/Canadian high schools) Scroll down to see the full list of colleges that do not require SAT scores. // What Is Test Flexible? While a test-flexible policy requires you to send test scores, it might allow for different options in place of the SAT.For example, some schools might waive their test requirements if you meet a minimum GPA or are applying to a specific program, while others mightlet you send AP scores or SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of general SAT scores. // The rationale is that these scores can demonstrate subject mastery and therefore reveal your own particular academic interests and motivations. NYU’s test-flexible policy, for example, states the following: "To be eligible for admission, you must submit one of the following: SAT(essay test not required) ACT(writing test not required) ThreeSAT Subject Testscores ThreeAP examscores International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma ThreeIB higher-level examscores if not an IB Diploma candidate Certain international qualifications that shows you completed your secondary education." // Because the specifics of test-flexible policies can vary from school to school,you should check with your colleges of interest to make sure you're fulfilling the application requirements. This info should be available on each school’s website, but if not, definitely call and speak to an admissions officer directly. You’ll not only get the info you need but also demonstrate your interest and a proactive approach to the college,which could ultimately help you stand out from other applicants. // Some highly ranked test-flexible schools include the following: Brandeis University (for US and Canada citizens/permanent residents) Colby College Colorado College Hamilton College Middlebury College New York University (NYU) You'll find more test-flexible schools on the full list below. // What Is Test Blind? Currently, there is only one college that has a test-blind policy- meaning, it does not want you to send any test scores at all. This school is Hampshire College in Amherst, MA. According tothe school's policy, Hampshire will reject any and all score reports sent in: "Unlike 'test-optional' institutions, we will not consider SAT/ACT scores regardless of the score. Even if it's a perfect score, it will not weigh into our assessment of an applicant." As you can see, schools have differentapproaches to SAT scores and how much they weigh into your application (if at all). // Below, we’ve compiled a comprehensive list of all schools not requiring the SAT, as well as a list of top-tier test-optional and test-flexible colleges. When applying to college, make sure to explore allthe different policies for standardized tests. // Top-Tier Schools That De-emphasize the SAT In this section, we've listed 320+top-tier liberal arts colleges and research universities that de-emphasize the SAT. Some of these schools are test flexible, some are test optional, and others have guaranteed admission based on GPA or class rank. By top tier, we mean any school ranked among the top 250 on the US News lists for best liberal arts colleges, best national universities, best regional universities, orbest regional colleges. All schools are numbered according to their ranking and region. // Take a look and see if any schools you're interested in are on these lists! Since they are quite long, you can also search directly for a school of interest with the ctrl + F function on your keyboard. National Liberal Arts Colleges 3. Bowdoin College (ME) 6. Middlebury College (VT) "Test Flexible" 12. Colby College (ME) "Test Flexible" 12. Smith College (MA) 18. Hamilton College (NY) "Test Flexible" 21. Wesleyan University (CT) 23. Bates College 23. Colorado College (CO) "Test Flexible 32. Bryn Mawr (PA) 33. College of the Holy Cross (MA) 33. Pitzer College (CA) 36. Mount Holyoke College (MA) 36. Union College (NY) 39. Franklin and Marshall College (PA) 41. SewaneeUniversity of the South (TN) 41. Skidmore College (NY) 41. Whitman College (WA) 44. Trinity College (CT) 46. Bard College (NY) 46. Connecticut College (CT) 46. Denison University (OH) 46. Gettysburg College (PA) 53. Furman University (SC) 53. St. John's College (MD) 53. Sarah Lawrence College (NY) 58. Lawrence University (WI) 58. St. Lawrence University (NY) 61. Agnes Scott College (GA) 65. Hobart and William Smith Colleges (NY) 68. Earlham College (IN) 68. University of Puget Sound (WA) 71. Knox College (IL) 71. Muhlenberg College (PA) 71. Wofford College (SC) 76. Beloit College (WI) 76. Kalamazoo College (MI) 76. Lewis and Clark (OR) 76. St. John's College (NM) 76. Wheaton College (MA) 82. Allegheny College (PA) 82. Willamette University (OR) 85. Gustavus Adolphus (MN) 87. Bennington College (VT) 87. Cornell College (IA) 87. Transylvania University (KY) 93. Austin College (TX) 93. College of the Atlantic (ME) 93. Ursinus College (PA) 96. Washington College (MD) 101. Augustana College (IL) 101. Lake Forest College (IL) 101. Ohio Wesleyan University (OH) 101. St. Mary's College (IN) 106. Juniata College (PA) 106. St. Anselm College (NH) 106. St. Michael's College (VT) 106. Washington Jefferson College (PA) 1. Stonehill College (MA) 2. Drew University (NJ) 2. Goucher College (MD) 2. Hanover College (IN) 7. Ripon College (WI) 7. Elizabethtown College (PA) 7. Marlboro College (VT) 123. Birmingham-Southern College (AL) 123. Presbyterian College (SC) 128. Whittier College (CA) 134. McDaniel College (MD) 134. Siena College (NY) 134. Sweet Briar College (VA) 138. Illinois College (IL) 138. Roanoke College (VA) 141. Hiram College (OH) 141. Susquehanna University (PA) 147. Bard College at Simon's Rock (MA) 147. Houghton College (NY) 147. Lycoming College (PA) 147. William Jewell College (MO) 158. Doane University (NB) 158. Wittenberg University (OH) 160. Guilford College (NC) 160. Warren Wilson College (NC) 163. Carthage College 165. Elmira College (NY) 159. Hartwick College (NY) 168. College of Idaho 168. Wells College (NY) National Universities 3. University of Chicago (IL) 27. Wake Forest University (NC) 30. New York University (NY) "Test Flexible" 34. Brandeis University (MA) 34. University of Rochester (NY) "Test Flexible) 56. The George Washington University (DC) 56. Univ. of Texas – Austin (TX) "Top 8%" 61. Worcester Polytechnic Institute (MA) 69. American University (DC) 69. Texas AM University (TX) "Top 10%" 81. Clark University (MA) 81. University of Delaware (DE) 94. Drexel University (PA) "Test Flexible" 5. Arizona State University (AZ) 5. Temple University 120. DePaul University (IL) 120. Duquesne University (PA) 120. The Catholic University of America (DC) 124. University of Arizona (AZ) 132. Hofstra University (NY) 133. New School (NY) 140. George Mason University (VA) 140. Washington State University (WA) "Top 10%" 145. Kansas State University (KS) 145. University of Mississippi (MS) 145. Univ. Texas- Dallas (TX) "Top 10%" 156. University of Massachusetts- Lowell (MA) 165. Immaculata University (PA) 165. Maryville University of St. Louis (MO) 165. St. John's University (NY) 171. Mississippi State University (MS) 171. Rowan University (NJ) 171. Virginia Commonwealth University (VA) 176. University of Hartford (CT) 176. Texas Tech University (TX) "Top 10%" 187. Azusa Pacific University (CA) 187. Ball State University (IN) 187. Montclair State University (NJ) 192. University of Houston (TX) "Top 10%" 202. University of NevadaReno (NV) 202. California State. University- Fullerton (CA) 202. University of MassachusettsBoston (MA) 207. University of Alaska- Fairbanks (AK) 216. South Dakota State University (SD) 223. California State University- Fresno (CA) 223. University of South Dakota (SD) Regional Universities North 1. Providence College (RI) 3. Fairfield University (CT) 4. Loyola University (MD) 6. University of Scranton (PA) 7. Emerson College (MA) 8. Ithaca College (NY) 9. Marist College (NY) 10. Bryant College (RI) . Saint Joseph's University (PA) 13. Quinnipiac University (CT) 17. Le Moyne College (NY) 24. Lebanon Valley College (PA) 28. Assumption College (MA) 28. Hood College (MD) 28. Nazareth College (NY) 34. Endicott College (MA) 34. La Salle University (PA) 37. Roger Williams University (RI) 37. Salve Regina University (RI) 37. Wagner College (NY) 41. Sacred Heart University (CT) 41. Stockton University (NJ) 48. Mercyhurst University (PA) 48. Niagara University (NY) 56. Merrimack College (MA) 56. Notre Dame of Maryland University (MD) 56. Seton Hill University (PA) 62. King's College (PA) 64. DeSales University (PA) 64. Johnson and Wales University (RI) 64. Western New England University (MA) 75. Chatham University (PA) 78. Roberts Wesleyan College (PA) 78. Salisbury University (MD) 78. University of New England (ME) 78. University of Saint Joseph (CT) 86. Eastern Connecticut State University (CT) 86. Norwich University (VT) 86. Southern New Hampshire University (NH) 91. College of Saint Rose (NY) 91. SUNY Potsdam (NY) 91. Champlain College (VT) 94. Millersville University of Pennsylvania (PA) 97. Saint Peter's University (NJ) 97. The Sage Colleges (NY) 97. Wheelock College (MA) 102. Bay Path University (MA) 102. Bridgewater State University (MA) 102. Manhattanville College (NY) 102. Point Park University (PA) 5. Plymouth State University (NH) 6. Worcester State University (MA) 120. Cabrini University (PA) 120. Keuka College (NY) 120. Western Connecticut State University (CT) 126. Framingham State University (MA) 130. Daemen College (NY) 130. Lasell College (MA) 130. Utica College (NY) 136. St. Joseph's College (ME) 137. College of St. Elizabeth (NJ) 137. Salem State University (MA) Regional Universities Midwest 3. Drake University (IA) 9. University of Evansville (IN) 18. Baldwin-Wallace College (OH) 29. Augsburg University (MN) 51. Robert Morris University (IL) 64. Walsh University (OH) 73. McKendree University (IL) 75. MidAmerica Nazarene University (KS) 87. Northwest Missouri State University (MO) 93. Southeast Missouri State University (MO) 93. Tiffin University (OH) 99. Northern State University (SD) 106. Concordia University (MN) 106. Ohio Dominican University (OH) 109. Wayne State College (NE) 8. Dakota State University (SD) 8. Sierra Heights University (MI) 122. Emporia State University (KS) Regional Universities South 2. Rollins College (FL) 6. Stetson University (FL) 7. James Madison University . Christopher Newport University (VA) 12. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (FL) 15. Asbury University (KY) 17. University of Mary Washington (VA) 21. Hampton University (VA) 43. Radford University (VA) 52. Jacksonville University (FL) 52. Keiser University (FL) 52. Marymount University (VA) 52. Mississippi University for Women (MS) 57. Brenau University (GA) 57. Columbia College (SC) 61. St. Leo University (FL) 80. St. Thomas University (FL) 87. Pfeiffer University (NC) 89. King University (TN) 95. Lynn University (FL) 102. Virginia State University (VA) 104. Arkansas Tech (AR) 106. Amridge University (AL) Regional Universities West 8. Whitworth University (WA) 9. Mills College (CA) 16. Pacific Lutheran University (WA) 31. California State Polytechnic- Pomona (CA) 35. San Jose State University (CA) 37. California State Univ.- Chico (CA) 39. California State Univ.- Long Beach (CA) 44. La Sierra University (CA) 47. California State Univ.- Monterey Bay (CA) 47. Humboldt State University (CA) 47. Northwest Nazarene University (ID) 47. Walla Walla University (WA) 55. California State Univ.Stanislaus (CA) 57. Alaska Pacific University (AK) 57. Sonoma State University (CA) 59. California State Univ.- Los Angeles (CA) 59. Hawaii Pacific University (HI) 63. California State Univ.- San Bernardino (CA) 66. California State Univ.- Channel Islands (CA) 66. Woodbury University (CA) 70. California State Univ.- Sacramento (CA) 70. Texas AM Int'l Univ. (TX) "Top 10%" 73. California State Univ.- Northridge (CA) 73. Stephen F. Austin State Univ. (TX) "Top 10%" 73. Western Oregon University (OR) 76. California State Univ.- San Marcos (CA) 76. University of Alaska- Anchorage (AK) 81. Oklahoma Wesleyan University (OK) 81. Prescott College (AZ) 81. West Texas AM University (TX) 86. Eastern Washington University (WA) 86. Weber State University (UT) 90. University of Texas- Tyler (TX) 91. Midwestern State University (TX) 91. University of Texas- Permian Basin (TX) 94. California State Univ.Bakersfield (CA) 95. University of North Texas (TX) "Top 10%" Regional Colleges North 7. Colby-Sawyer College (NH) 8. University of Maine- Farmington (ME) . Wilson College (PA) 12. Cazenovia College (NY) 13. Pennsylvania College of Technology (PA) 16. Unity College (ME) 17. SUNY College of Technology- Delhi (NY) 19. Vermont Technical College (VT) 19. Concordia College (NY) 22. Dean College (MA) 22. Paul Smith's College (NY) 26. Keystone College (PA) 26. Mount Ida College (MA) 29. University of Maine- Presque Isle (ME) 31. University of Maine- Fort Kent (ME) 33. University of Northern Vt.Lyndon (VT) 35. University of Valley Forge (PA) 36. Newbury College (MA) Regional Colleges Midwest 25. Manchester University (IN) 42. Ottawa University (KS) 44. Olivet College (MI) 51. Dickinson State University (ND) 54. Midland University (NE) 56. Dunwoody College of Technology (MN) Regional Colleges South 1. High Point University (SC) 2. Flagler College (FL) 3. University of the Ozarks (AR) 4. Catawba College (NC) 8. Belmont Abbey College (NC) 19. Lees-McRae College (NC) 21. Brevard College (NC) 21. Florida Memorial University (FL) 25. Bennett College (NC) 26. Welch College (TN) 28. Pensacola State College (FL) 28. South Florida State College (FL) 36. Everglades University (FL) 41. Point University (GA) 45. Warner University (FL) 50. Georgia Gwinnett College (GA) 55. University of Holy Cross (LA) Regional Colleges West 3. California State Univ. Maritime (CA) 6. Oregon Institute of Technology (OR) 15. Marymount California University (CA) 16. East Texas Baptist University (TX) 21. Southwestern Christian University (OK) 23. Lewis-Clark State University (ID) 25. University of HawaiiOahu (HI) Source: FairTest.org You might notice that national liberal arts colleges are more likely to have test-optional policies than national research universities are. In recent years, liberal arts schools have increasingly taken the position that your test scores are only one component of your application and don't represent the sum of your academic potential. However, most prestigious universities (in the top 50) still require the SAT. This includes Ivy League schoolslike Harvard, Yale, and Princeton; University of California system schools like UC Berkeley and UCLA; and many other top private schools like Stanford and Duke. It’s important to know the SAT policies of schools long before you actually apply, since taking and prepping for the SAT can begin more than a year in advance of your deadlines. Now that you’re aware of these different policies, your first course of action is to start exploring. // Comprehensive List of Schools That De-emphasize the SAT Beyond the top schools above, we've also prepared a comprehensive document listing all schools that de-emphasize the SAT. Click the icon below to see the completelist! What Should You Do With These Test-Optional Lists? Now that you have a sense of all the schools with test-optional or text-flexible admissions policies, what should you do next? Consider these four tips for moving forward in the college application process. #1: Do Your Own Fact Checking Since admissions processes are complex and unique to each school, it falls on you to thoroughly explore the policies of all the colleges you're interested in. As mentioned above, if you can’t find a detailed explanation on the college’s website, don’t hesitate to call an admissions officer and ask directly. This is also a question you could bring to your college visits, as long as you answer it early enough to give yourself enough time for test prep. #2: Take the SAT or ACT to Keep Your Options Open Your college list is almost certainly going to change throughout junior and even senior year. Don’t limit yourself prematurely by ruling out the SAT, as you'll want to keep your options open. Think about it: you wouldn’t want to fall in love with a college only to discover you don’t have time to take the SAT or prep effectively for it and thus can’t meet the school's admission requirements. Planning and prepping should begin at least by early junior year, and it’s very unlikely that you’ll have your college list finalized by then. As you plan out your schedule, visit our resources on when you should start prepping for the SAT and what the best test dates are for you. #3: Consider Applying to Many Schools On a similar note, it isn't wise to limit yourself to certain schools just so you can avoid taking the SAT. The fit of the college- from itsacademics and extracurricular opportunities to its campus and culture- are much more important factors in determining where you'll be spending the four years of your life after high school. Even if you feel anxious about the SAT, the skills of applied discipline and personal growth that you developpreparing for it will be useful to you throughout your academic and professional careers. #4: Analyze the Strength of Your Application If you're applying to colleges that do not require the SAT or that have test-flexible options, it'll help you to reflect on your strengths and weaknesses. Have you achieved (or will you be able to get) a strong SAT score, or is your academic ability better represented through AP tests and SAT Subject Tests? Will these scores strengthen your application, or do they not truly represent your skills and abilities? Where do you shine the brightest? Though SAT-optional policies are yet another thing to think about as you apply, having that choice can ultimately only work in your benefit. By making an informed and intentional decision,you have the power to shape the story you tell to admissions officers. What’s Next? Want to find out more about test-optional schools specifically?Check out our in-depth guide to see all 500+ test-optional schools, and get tips on whether to apply to them or not. Even among universities that do require SAT scores, there’s some variation in how they look at your scores.Check out the full list of colleges that superscore the SAT, and learn how this info could completely transform your approach to test prep. Exploring your standardized testing options? Many colleges also superscore the ACT. Click here for the full list and for strategies on how to get your best ACT score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Treatment of Fibromyalgia

Treatment of Fibromyalgia Introduction Falvo (2005) writes on the medical and psychosocial aspect of chronic disease including fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia is defined as a rheumatologic disease in which the patient experience widespread pain, coupled with aching and stiffness of muscles and/or joints, plus fatigue, sleep disturbances, and broadly distributed sites of tenderness (tender joints) (Millea Hollaway, 2000, cited in Flavio, 2005, p. 421).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treatment of Fibromyalgia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The pain and uneasiness linked to fibromyalgia are spread, occurring in the hips, lower back, shoulders, and neck and other sites. The author refutes fibromyalgia as a degenerative disease because it does not cause damage to joints or bones; therefore, there is no definitive diagnostic test or objective findings that can validate the condition. Because of the lack of exceptional laboratory tests appli ed for diagnosis of the condition, diagnosis is centered on individuals’ testimony of history and symptoms, regarding the identifiable tender points as the major diagnostic indicator. Falvo (2005) notes that fibromyalgia can manifest other symptoms besides musculoskeletal pain, such as irritable bowel syndrome or headaches. Falvo (2005) argues that this condition can occur parallel with other sevre rheumatic disorders including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Moreover, psychological signs of depression and anxiety often accompany fibromyalgia. This chronic illness can impact an individual’s quality of life and can lead to interpersonal challenges due to its symptoms. The author underscores the significance of validating the individual’s symptomatic complaint in that it helps restores self-esteem and self-control, assisting them to adjust to their symptoms. Cause of Fibromyalgia According to the findings of Liu, Mantyh, Basbaum, (1997), enduring physical or emot ional abuse subjected to a person may produce some physiological alterations in that individual. It has been proven that a substantial group of people diagnosed with this illness that were subject to chronic stress from physical and emotional abuse, shared a common physiological outcomes. These outcomes include increased levels of N-methyl-D-aspertatesubstance P (NMDA-SP) and a rise in the expression of c-fos, which is a protein released under stress and found in neurons corresponding with pain. These outcomes considerably point to chronic stress as an impetus for hyperalgesia in FMS.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The resultant hyperalgesic state is a product of chronic muscular hypersensitivity to fatigue and pain, denoted as a stress-induced, diathetic, neuromuscular hyperalgesic condition (Ellis, n.d). Benett (1999) concluded that an ultimate understandi ng of pathogenesis of non-nociceptive pain is prerequisite for disqualifying FMS as a somatoform disturbance. Moreover he proposes that there may be needed a review of the concept of somatoform abnormalities, to classify them under clinical conditions by virtue of the knowledge physiology. The author defined the neurological pain course as gush of nerve impulses that emanates from nociceptors in visceral or somatic tissues (p. 386). In the course, nerve â€Å"impulses travel in peripheral nerves, with a first synapse in the dorsal horn and a second synapse in the thalamus, and end up in the cerebral cortex and other supraspinal structures. This results in a pain experience and the activation of reflex and later reflective behaviors† (p. 386). Normally, nociceptor-driven pain is effectively eliminated. Nevertheless with chronic pain, the association between nociception and resuscitation from pain is out of place or even absent and, thus pain endures. Usually the pain threshold escalates with palpation, though it decreases in FMS (Kosek, Ekholm, Hansson, 1996). Ellis, (n.d) presumes that this may be as a result of the absent or insufficient resuscitation of nociceptor signals. It is increasingly becoming evident that fibromyalgia has a genetic predisposition (Medscape, 2006). Progressively, the author argue that first-degree relatives of people indicating fibromyalgia are eight times at risk of developing the illness compared to the general population.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Treatment of Fibromyalgia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This condition has been often associated with polymorphism in serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) 2A receptor, the catecholamine o-methyl transferase enzyme, the serotonin transporter and the dopamine 4 receptor. These polymorphisms reportedly have influence on the transportation or metabolism of monoamines, compounds that are responsible for sensory processing and stress response (Medscape, 2006). Diagnosis Ellis (n.d) asserts that the key observations useful in the diagnosis of FMS are; i) a history of extensive pain, lasting for three months minimum and; ii) the recognition of pain in eleven out of eighteen tended sites on palpation. However, there are specific psychological and neuroendocrine factors that have been perceived to be virtually exhibited in FMS sufferers. Other diagnostic elements hat can give a comprehensive and accurate results are: Assessment of continuing stress as indicated on a score of state-trait anxiety. Assessment of the different physiological outcomes common in fibromyalgia patients that include though not necessarily limited to: Assessment for weak thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) response and the decreased free serum calcitonin and calcium. Assessment for changed hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (H-P-A) because of exaggerated adrenocortricotropic hormone feedback to coticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH) and subsequent decreased secretion of cortisol. Assessment for increased levels of substance P. Medical management/Treatment of fibromyalgia By virtue of being a chronic condition, only relative enhancement can be provided. Fibromyalgia patients may find neck support in sleep or abdominal exercise to alleviate stress on the lower back useful. Aerobic exercise including swimming or walking are valuable in relieving pain and tenderness and helping regarding sleep disturbances. Current studies have proven that hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be effective in treatment of the disease (Falvo, 2005). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Hyperbaric oxygen therapy refers to administration of 100% oxygen at two or three folds the atmospheric pressure. It specifically used for treatment of specific musculoskeletal conditions including chronic osteomyelitis (Sugihara et al., 2004, cited in Falvo, 2005, p. 425). This strategy works by renovating the body’s immune system agains t infection and increasing frequency at which the system can destroy pathogens.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Patients inhale hyperbaric oxygen in an atmosphere of a specially deviced cylindrical singles of tricyclic antidepressants popularly used in this regard are; doxepin (sinequan) and amitrypatyline (Elavil) (MedicineNet, 2011). Fluxetine: there is substantial evidence that adding fluxetine (Prozac), or analogous medication, with low-dosage amitryptyline increases muscle pain relief, alleviate depression and anxiety in fibromyalgia patients. This combination is additionally more useful in enhancing restorative sleep and a general perception of well-being. The two combinations tend to neutralize the adverse effects each may cause. Tricyclic antidepressants can induce tiredness and fatigue, whereas fluxetine can cheer up and make patients more alert. In addition research has proven that Lorazepam (Ativan) was effective in relieving symptoms. Prozac has additionally been proven to be appropriate as a monotherapy with certain fibromyalgia patients. Trazodone can be administered at bedtime to enhance sleep if patients express hypersensitivity to trycyclic antidepressant Pregabalin (Lyrica): this medication was approved in 2007 to be used distinctively for treatment of fibromyalgia. Probably, this medication act through blockade of pain impulses in fibromyalgia patients. Its advantages lie in the flexibility of its dosing which can be shifted to meet the demands of the persisting symptoms. A related drug, gabapentin may also be employed in the treatment of the chronic illness. Duloxetine and milnacipran: the brand names are cymbalta and savella respectively. This drug combination has been conceived recently to be useful in the treatment of this disorder. These drugs have been proven to be useful in alleviating pain and improving function in fibromyalgia sufferers. Duloxetine has been useful in the treatment of depression and in alleviating pain in psychotic, including depression and anxiety. Pain relievers: Many other medications can be employed for the alleviation of fibromyalgia pain. Such pain relievers are; cortisone, tramadol, cyclobenaprine (muscle relaxant), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and guaifenesin. Other strategies include; use of cast, assistive devices, orthoses, traction, and surgery. Implications of Fibromyalgia illness Illness is defined as the ultimate feeling of out-of-control (McDaniel, Hepworth, Doherty, 1997, p. 7). Normally, ill individuals experience the despair to exercise some control over their lives such that they distress upon loosing their capacity to control significant outcomes in their lives. Thus, when people have a sense of individual control regarding their illness, they have a high tendency to have an optimistic physical and psychological adjustment to chronic condition [including Fibromyalgia] than their inverse (Shapiro, Shwartz, Astin, 1996). A hermeneutic-phenomenological evaluation of 12 women’s live experience with fibromyalgia outlined the themes of coping, ambivalence, and po werlessness (Ranhein Holand, 2006). The testimonies of these women depicted their efforts to control and manage the serious symptoms of their illness and their struggles to alleviate their sense of powerlessness that emanate from fatigue, pain and immobility. Victims of chronic diseases such as this have, who develop efficient methods for controlling their utmost serious symptom tend to posses a more optimistic attitude and reduced sense of powerlessness (Larsen, 2009). Seaman and Lewis (1995) found that powerlessness was linked with activity limitations and psychosocial indications, and mounting powerlessness was connected with failing health status. The theme of powerlessness in chronic illness is a fluctuating and complex matter. This phenomenon, can be caused by individual characteristics and outlook or induced by the changing nature of the disease; Fibromyalgia. It is inherent at same time imminent in the chronic illness. Nevertheless, the sense of powerlessness retreats and a dvances throughout the course of the disease as the patient negotiate between loss and control and steer through the varying landscape of their enduring realities. Also, factors such as the ability to manage symptoms and the degree of physical limitations can influence people’s experience with sense of powerlessness (Larsen, 2009). Clearly, fibromyalgia can have serious implications on the sufferer’s different aspects of live. These aspects may include education, training, and employment. Implication on employment Resells (2003) argues that fatigue, chronic pain and faults in processing and arranging cognitive experiences impact negatively on the patient’s capacity to compete in the labor force. They impact on his/her ability to focus. S/he may find annoying the extensions of tasks which normally are done over a short period. Often, patients exhibit intolerance for repetitive tasks or prolonged standing or sitting. Stress and unpleasant climatic conditions can p rominently worsen the FMS symptoms. Clearly, such employees cannot meet the expectations of the employer and as such jeopardize their job. They often get dismissed from work due to their low productivity. Further, the author asserts that the patient may exhibit lack of endurance because of physical or mental fatigue. S/he may express intense deterioration of symptoms with initially tolerated amounts of mental and physical functions leading to reactive symptoms. Other sources of work disability in FMS include; the lack of endurance, the randomness of symptom dynamics on a daily and even hourly basis, as well as the incidence of delayed reactive fatigue, pain and cognitive abnormalities. This requires prolonged time in the morning for patient to get going and many require frequent rest during the day. It in turn hinders patients from embarking on regularly planned tasks that are typically necessary for work-related functions and prerequisite in the competitive labor force. Implication on education Loss of mental acuity by patient can manifest in various ways including; poor concentration; problem in making and consolidating memories; incapacity to plan tasks and increased time required to complete a task; and emotional imbalances resulting from the impairment. This means that the student who suffers this illness often perform unsatisfactorily. This serves to worsen the condition due to frustration, leading to stress. This problem usually aggravates the effects of physical fatigue. In addition, short-memory failure exhibited by the patient undermines the efficiency of a task because intentions are initiated and forgotten and much energy and time is wasted locating lost items and they constantly need to reorganize disrupted tasks. This means that students experience challenges in recalling facts, and procedures. The patients often will fail their exams and fail to progress in academics. Vocational rehabilitation in fibromyalgia patients The following factors have a significant bearing in the vocational rehabilitation of patients with fibromyalgia. They are: Disability Resells (2003), suggest that the ability of the patient to engage and function sufficiently in rehabilitation programs must be reviewed through a long period with focus on long term range collective effects subsequent to a period spent in the program and the recurrence of symptoms. Disability can emerge in the emotional, cognitive and physical realms in different proportion of activity and impairment. In this regard various factors have a bearing in FMS patient’s rehabilitation. They include; effects of the symptoms, lack of patient endurance, impaired neurocognitive ability, unpredictability of symptom instability, and cumulative outcome. Assessment Examination by an by accredited occupational therapist (OT) or occupational specialist who is educated on fibromyalgia syndrome, and experienced in assessing disability may be useful though the treating physician should supe rvise and coordinate any rehabilitation interventions (Resells, 2003). Patient’s assessment can be carried out at home or workplace. In home assessment, an OT can avail significant background information on the routine function at home, including self care, endurance, maintenance of home and so forth. The degree of function at home has direct implication for the degree of function at workplace. In this regard the OT can assist the sufferer with energy conservation values and in pacing their performance (Resells, 2003). Workplace assessment, on the other hand, affords specific information on mental, physical, social, environmental and emotional job requirements. The author suggests that the assessment ought to be done on the job place as much as possible. All jobs must be assessed for aggravators to improve ergonomics, vary job responsibilities and positions, and enable flexibility in planning if employer based on the employers cooperation. Rehabilitation potential Resells (20 03) argues that the fibromyalgia patient’s medical treatment must be optimized before any rehabilitation program is considered. Importantly, the treating doctor must direct and coordinate the management and rehabilitation interventions. Rehabilitation staff must be knowledgeable about fibromyalgia syndrome. Also, the Pathophysiology of the disease must be considered and reflected in the rehabilitation program. Noteworthy, the rehabilitation program must be set based on the patient’s general demands and routine shifts in the patient’s symptoms and functional limits. The patient should be given the space to exercise autonomy in regard of the pace, complexity and duration of the program. In addition the attending physician must guarantee that the patient’s symptoms are checked consistently to detect cumulative outcomes. Importantly, a work hardening programs which undermines the Pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and/or the patient’s autonomy are imprope r for the patient and will aggravate the patient’s symptoms and clinical condition. Conclusion Suffers of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), argues Levy (1999), should know how its effects can impact adversely on the patients ability to sustain steady employment. The American with Disability Act (ADA) was enacted in 1990 to address the civil rights of the disable. This act aims to level the grounds for disabilities to sustain equal participation in the society. The law prohibits discrimination of the FMS patient through job application and recruitment protocols, hiring, firing, promotion, reimbursements, training, leaves among others. Also, it concerns privileges and conditions of employment including insurance, company parking lots, and so forth. Reference list Falvo, D. R. (2005). Medical and psychological aspects of chronic illness and  disability. London: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Ellis, L. E. (n.d). Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Practical and Effe ctive Approach. Compelling Counseling Interventions Article 16. Web. Kosek, E., Ekholm, J., Hansson, P. (1996). Sensory dysfunction in fibromyalgia patients with implications for pathogenic mechanisms. Pain, 68(2-3), 375-383. Larsen, P. D. (2009) Illness behavior. In P. D. Larsen I. M. Lubkin (Eds). Chronic  illness: Impact and intervention. Ontario London: Jones Bartlett Publishers. Levy, A. S. (1999). The Americans With Disabilities Act: What Persons With  Fibromyalgia Need to Know. National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. McDaniel, S. H., Hepworth, J. Doherty, W. J. (1997). The shared emotional themes of illness. In S.H. McDaniel, J. Hepworth, W. J. Doherty (Eds). The shared experience of illness: stories of patients, families, and their therapist. New York: Basic Books. MedicineNet. (2011). Fibromyalgia: what is the treatment for fibromyalgia?  MedicineNet. Ranhein, M. Holand, W. (2006). Lived experience of chronic pain and fibromyalgia: Women’s stories from d ailiy life. Qualitative Health Research, 16(6), 741-761. Resells, J. I. (2003). The fibromyalgia syndrome: a clinical case definition for  practitioners. Binghamton: Haworth Medical Press. Seaman, M., Lewis, S. (1995). Powerlessness, health and mortality: AS longitudinal study of older men and mature women. Social Science in Medicine, 41(4), 517-525. Shapiro, D. H., Schwarz, C. E. Astin, J. A. (1996). Controlling ourselves, controlling our world: psychology’s role in understanding positive and negative consequences of seeking and gaining control. American psychologist, 51, 1213-1230.

Organizational Learning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Learning - Coursework Example The success of strategic management requires the skills and implementation of the academic level or performance of the employees of the organization. According to Phipps and Burbach, the ability of an organization to achieve its goals greatly depends on knowledge management (Phipps and Burbach, 2010, p. 11). Knowledge management in turn engages the monitoring of databases and statistical panels regarding the dealings and operations of the firm (Beer, Voelpel, Leibold and Tekie, 2005, p. 446). For the employees to realize how to use and implement such information, they have to be fully acquainted with the skills regarding such procedures. The ability and skills of the employees of an organization greatly rely on organizational learning for full implementation and prediction of the strategies imposed. B. Purpose of the study The research model of implementing a theoretical framework was adapted by Sekeran and implemented by Chen and Huang. According to Chen and Huang, organizational le arning relates with knowledge management in the sense that the knowledge infrastructure ability of an organization influence the operations that take place in every business unit of the organization (Chen and Huang, 2007, p. 110). Therefore, depriving the discussion from this assumption, the purpose of this study is to recognize the actual relationship between information infrastructure, the knowledge procedure, and organizational effectiveness from the perception of teamwork, before asserting that organizational learning is able to foresee the success of the strategies of an organization (Sekaran and Bougie, 2009, 202). C. Variables identified i. Analysis The success of strategic management can be identified through a... This report approves that the hypothetical structure of the argument is grounded on the importance of organizational learning in the current global community. Organizational learning involves the training and evaluation of the skills and academic standards of the employees in an organization. The success of strategic management requires the skills and implementation of the academic level or performance of the employees of the organization. Knowledge management in turn engages the monitoring of databases and statistical panels regarding the dealings and operations of the firm. This essay makes a conclusion that for effective operation of tactical management policies and plans, organizations are required to fit and side with their organizational learning strategies, abilities and skills. Complete and successful management within a highly competitive and steady changing setting can only be accomplished through organizational learning in fields such as communication, management behavior of profit and non-profit organizations and knowledge management. The capacity of the staff to change in accordance with new surroundings and imposition of management strategies can be determined and improved through organizational learning. The concept derived from this study asserts that managers are supposed to be aware of the leading universal and essential changes made in organizational learning. Therefore, organizational learning is able to predict the success of strategic management, should the managers impose the right changes on staff and data management.