American Idiot Essay

The song that I chose to write about is titled American Idiot by Green Day. This song was on Green Day’s album titled American Idiot. This album was originally released in 2004. American Idiot, the song, peaked at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100. My reason for choosing this song is that it talks about how the media runs society and how people shouldn’t let the media run their lives. The main social issue that is talked about in this song is how the media runs our lives and society. One of the lines in the song is â€Å"Don’t wanna be an American idiot, one nation controlled by the media. † This line refers to how people in America rely heavily on the media for everything. They trust every word that is printed in a newspaper or magazine or said on television without question. People hang on every word that is pumped through the media. I don’t consider this to be a personal problem because it refers to all people being controlled by the media. It is not as if the singer in the song is the only one that the media affects. Media is worldwide ways of letting people know what is going on around them. What Billy Joe Armstrong is saying throughout this song is that people need to realize is that not everything that a person hears is necessarily true and people should not panic just because of what the news says. Green Day is an American rock band that was formed in 1987. the group consists of three members: Billy Joe Armstrong(vocals), Tre` Cool(drums), and Mike Dirnt(bass). In 1988, they signed to Lookout Records and then in 1989 they released their first EP titled 1,000 Hours. However, the band didn’t have much success until it released the album Kerplunk in 1993. After Kerplunk’s success, Green Day proceeded to leave Lookout Records and sign with Reprise Records. In 1994, they released their first major label debut, Dookie. Over the next few years, Green Day would have much success but then decided to take a break in 1996. They returned in 1997. When they returned, they began to work on a new full-length album. This album was entitled Nimrod and was released in October of 1997. This album deviated from their normally pop-punk style of music and gave listeners a variety of music. They didn’t release another album until 2000 when they released Warning which further continued their new sound that they started with Nimrod. After releasing Warning, they were nominated for 8 awards in the California Music Awards. They won all eight awards. The band then continued their success over the next few years. In 2004 the band released American Idiot. And then in 2006 they won the Grammy for record of the year because of the track Boulevard of Broken Dreams which spent 16 weeks at the top of the charts. The lyrics to American Idiot are as follows: â€Å"Don’t wanna be an American idiot. Don’t want a nation under the new mania. And can you hear the sound of hysteria? The subliminal mindfuck America. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isn’t meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. We’re not the ones who’re meant to follow. For that’s enough to argue. Well maybe I’m the faggot America. I’m not a part of a redneck agenda. Now everybody do the propaganda. And sing along in the age of paranoia. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isn’t meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. We’re not the ones who’re meant to follow. For that’s enough to argue. Don’t wanna be an American idiot. One nation controlled by the media. Information age of hysteria. It’s calling out to idiot America. Welcome to a new kind of tension. All across the alienation. Everything isn’t meant to be okay. Television dreams of tomorrow. We’re not the ones who’re meant to follow. For that’s enough to argue. †

Water Quality Parameter Prediction In Stream Flow Environmental Sciences Essay

In This paper, the truth public presentation of preparation, proof and anticipation of monthly H2O quality parametric quantities is discussed when using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System ( ANFIS ) . This theoretical account analyze historical informations were generated through uninterrupted monitoring Stationss of H2O quality parametric quantities ( dependent variables ) of Johor River in order to copy their secondary property ( independent variables ) . However, the informations originating from supervising Stationss and experiment may be polluted by noise signals owing to systematic mistakes and random mistakes. This noisy informations frequently makes the predict undertaking comparatively hard. In order to counterbalance for this augmented noise the primary aim of this manuscript is to develop technique that can heighten the truth of H2O quality anticipation ( WQP ) . Therefore, this survey suggests an augmented Wavelet – Neuro-Fuzzy ( WDT-ANFIS ) based informations me rger faculty for WQP. The efficiency of the faculties was examined to foretell critical parametric quantities that affected due to the urbanisation around the rivers. The parametric quantities have been studied ; electrical CONDuctivity ( COND ) , entire dissolved solids ( T.D.S ) and TURBidity ( TURB ) . Results showed that the optimal degree of truth was achieved by doing the length of the cross-validation equal to one fifth of the information record. Furthermore, WDT-ANFIS faculty outperformed the ANFIS faculty with important betterment in anticipation truth. This consequence indicates that the proposed attack is fundamentally an attractive option, offering a comparatively fast algorithm with good theoretical belongingss to de-noise and predict the H2O quality parametric quantities. This new technique will be valuable to help determination shapers in describing the position of H2O quality, probe of spacial and temporal alterations.IntroductionWater quality mold is the footing of H2O pollution control undertaking. It predicts the inclination of H2O quality assortment harmonizing to the current H2O environment quality status, transportation and transmutation regulation of the pollutants in the river basin. In H2O quality mold, [ 1 ] reported that the turbidness was related closely to both its respiration rate and the H2O temperature. Model users will see sunlight strength fluctuation within the H2O column when imitating the eutrophication phenomenon [ 2 ] .These illustrations reflect that human intelligence uses bing cognition to cut down the figure of picks in order to raise the effectivity of theoretical account use. Each clip, they tend to change simply one or two parametric quantities. This is because if they modify many parametric quantities at the same clip, they may easy acquire lost in the use way. However, due to the size and heterogeneousness of the set possible input variables, and because of the nonlinear nature of the job, conventional methods are non assuring. To this terminal, unreal intelligence techniques ( AI ) techniques are capable to mime this behaviour every bit good as to complement the lack. Recently, AI has been accepted as an efficient alternate tool for mold of complex non-linear systems. The theoretical accounts normally do n't see the internal mechanism but build theoretical accounts to foretell H2O quality via the relationship between inputs and end products. At present, unreal intelligence techniques ( AI ) have been used intensively for anticipation in a figure of water-related countries, including H2O resource survey [ 3 ] , oceanology [ 4 ] , and air pollution [ 5 ] . The above survey attempts were usually based on an premise that the informations to be used should be dependable and accurate. However, the informations originating from probe and experiment may be polluted by noise signals due to the subjective and/or nonsubjective mistakes [ 6 ] . For illustration, the experiment mistakes may be resulted from measuring, reading, recording, and external conditions. Since these noisy signals are likely to falsify the consequences of theoretical accounts, it is a must to take them ( that is, signal denoising ) before utilizing any original informations. Signals can be denoised through the application of a set of additive filters [ 7 ] . However, one job of these filters is that they are more appropriate in additive systems than nonlinear systems. In add-on, Fourier analysis technique ( FAT ) is a classical tool for cut downing noises, but it is merely suited for denoising data/signals incorporating steady noises. Due to the noises that are unsteady in real-world instances, its application is still limited. To get the better of the jobs of traditional denoising techniques, more sophisticated techniques such as wavelet de-noising technique ( WDT ) has been proposed. WDT is utile for denoising multi-dimensional spatial/ temporal signals incorporating steady/unsteady noises. It has been widely applied to technology systems for patterns acknowledgment and cognition find [ 8 ] and [ 9 ] . However, few of these surveies were applied to H2O quality direction systems, where the H2O quality monitoring informations demands to be used for parametric quantity anticipation [ 10 ] . In this survey a WDT is proposed for cut downing noises induced by complex uncertainness. As mentioned before, there are many different types of AIs techniques among them unreal nervous webs ( ANN ) and adaptative neuro-fuzzy illation systems ( ANFIS ) have late gained attending in literature. Although ANN is rather powerful for patterning assorted existent universe jobs, it besides has its defects. If the input informations are less accurate or equivocal, ANN would be fighting to manage them and a fuzzed system such as ANFIS might be a better option. ANFIS theoretical account shows significantly higher truth and dependable in term of anticipation than ANN [ 11 ] . In this article, ANFIS faculty is proposed to foretell WQP at Johor River Basin. Furthermore, an augmented WDT-ANFIS based informations merger faculty for WQPP will present. In add-on, comprehensive comparing analysis is carried out between ANFIS and DWT-ANFIS to measure the public presentation that achieved after take the noising from the informations.MethodologySTUDY AREA Johor is the 2nd largest province in Peninsula Malaysia with an country of 18,941 km2. Johor River considers the chief river in Johor. The river flows in a approximately north-south way and empties into the Johor. The H2O quality of Johor River has been deteriorated with increasing degrees of assorted pollutants. Besides, it persists to be silted and chocked by rubbish and wastes as a effect of storage of enforcement by local-authorities. These contaminations finally flow into Johor River Estuaries, which are rich wonts that provide engendering and feeding countries for fish and domestic fowl. In this research, a survey of ANN patterning to foretell entire dissolved solids, electrical conduction and turbidness in Johor River basin is presented. These H2O quality parametric quantities were measured 60 samples within continuance 1998-2007 at chief watercourse as shown in Fig. 1. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS In this survey, the H2O quality parametric quantities of involvements are entire dissolved solids ( T.D.Solids ) , electrical conduction and turbidness due to their importance in the Johor River and its feeder. The information appears that conduction is extremely affected due to cumulative consequence of urban land usage from upstream in the survey country. While, high concentration of dissolved solids were found in the survey country and caused H2O balance jobs for aquatic beings. Furthermore, the turbidness values exceed 300A NTU ( Nephelometric Turbidity Units ) . This poses serious jobs for the H2O intervention station located near the river. There are many parametric quantities more of import than what we selected in our survey such as COD, BOD and DO. But the scope of BOD harmonizing to the DOE monitoring station in the survey country was found between ( 1-2 ) which indicate there is non much organic waste nowadays in the H2O. Same scenario was observed in COD information which is ranged ( 10-15 ) . Therefore, this manuscript focuses on critical parametric quantities that affected due to the urbanisation around the rivers. ADAPTIVE NEURO-FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEM ANFIS Adaptive neuro-fuzzy illation system ( ANFIS ) , foremost was proposed by Jang in 1993 [ 12 ] , can accomplish a extremely nonlinear function and it is superior to common additive methods in bring forthing nonlinear clip series [ 13 ] . Throughout this research, it was considered the ANFIS architecture for the first order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account [ 14 ] . The ANFIS is a multilayer provender forward web which uses nervous web larning algorithms and fuzzed logical thinking to map an input infinite to an end product infinite [ 15 ] . Assuming the fuzzy illation system under consideration has two inputs, ten and Y, and one end product, degree Fahrenheit for a first-order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account, a common regulation set with two fuzzy if.then regulations can be expressed as: Rule 1: If x is A1and Y is B1 so f1=p1 x+q1 y+r1 ( 1 ) Rule 2: If x is A2 and Y is B2 so f2=p2 x+q2 y+r2 ( 2 ) Where A1, A2 and B1, B2 are the rank maps ( medium frequency ) for inputs x and y, severally ; pi, chi and Rhode Island ( one = 1 or 2 ) are additive parametric quantities in the attendant portion of the first-order Sugeno fuzzy theoretical account. The corresponding tantamount ANFIS architecture is showed in Fig. 2, where nodes of the same bed have similar maps. ANFIS consists of five beds as follow: Optimization Scheme of ANFIS Module Parameters For each of WQP we used same architectures that presented in Fig. 2.Where, three inputs ( suspended solids, pH and temperature ) were used to foretell the TURB. One input ( T.D.S ) was used to foretell the COND, while same faculty used to foretell the T.D.S after utilized the COND as input. It is to be noted that there is no analytical method to find the optimum figure of MFs. The optimum figure of MFs is normally determined heuristically and verified by experimentation. Hence, the figure of MFs is selected in test and mistake footing. In the interim, it is noted that we have tried four types of rank map: ( a ) triangular, ( B ) trapezoidal, ( degree Celsius ) gaussian, and ( vitamin D ) bell-shaped to build the fuzzed Numberss. After a big figure of tests, as a consequence bell-shaped distributed rank map compared with the others have obtained the minimal comparative mistake. Table 1 illustrates the figure and the types of MFs that adopted in this survey to make faculties.The ANFIS faculty is trained until making certain minimal mistake or after finishing certain figure of developing era. In this survey, the less no. of loop was introduced in order to devour the clip Fig 3 depicts the alteration in Root Mean Square Error ( RMSE ) for the ANFIS faculty during preparatio n and cross- proof. It is obvious from the figure that the faculty reaches the end 300 era. WAVELET DE-NOISING Wavelet analysis represents the following logical measure after short-time Fourier transforms ( STFT ) . It is based on a windowing technique with variable-sized parts. Wavelet transform ( WT ) allows the usage of long clip intervals where we want more precise low frequence information, and shorter parts where we want high frequence information [ 16 ] . In general, the major advantage offered by ripples is the ability to execute local analysis ; that is to analyse a localised country of a larger signal. The discrete-time WT of a clip domain signal is given as [ 10 ] : ( 3 ) Where, is the female parent ripple while and are, severally, the grading and switching indices. The grading gives the DWT logarithmic frequence coverage in contrast to the unvarying frequence coverage of the STFT. This analysis method so consists of break uping a signal into constituents at several frequence degrees, which are related by powers of two ( a dyadic graduated table ) [ 16 ] . The filtrating attack to multi-resolution WT is to organize a series of half-band filters that divide a spectrum into a high frequence set and a low frequence set. It is formulated on a grading map or low-pass filter ( LP ) and a ripple map or high-pass filter ( UP ) [ 17 ] . Wavelet Multi-resolution analysis ( WMRA ) builds a pyramidic construction that requires an iterative application of grading and ripple maps to low-pass and high base on balls filters, severally. These filters ab initio act on the full signal set at the high frequence ( small-scale values ) foremost and bit by bit cut down the signal set at each phase. As in Fig.4, the high-frequency set end products are represented by the item coefficients ( Dl, D2, D3 ) , and the low-frequency set end products are represented by the estimate coefficients ( Al, A2, A3 ) . Optimum parametric quantity choice for wavelet de-noising of WQP informations When utilizing ripples to de-noise WQP information, there are many factors that must be considered. Examples of these picks are which ripple, degree of decomposition, and thresholding methods to utilize. MATLAB provides several households of ripples including the Morlet, Mexican chapeau, Meyer, Haar, Daubechies, Symlets, Coiflets and Spline biorthogonal ripples and provides farther certification about these ripple households [ 18 ] . In order to obtain perfect Reconstruction consequences, merely extraneous ripples will be considered. The extraneous ripple transform has certain benefits. It is comparatively concise, allows for perfect Reconstruction of the original signal and is non comparatively hard to cipher. The two common methods of thresholding a signal are soft thresholding and difficult thresholding which are used in the MATLAB ripple tool chest [ 9. M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim and J.-M. Poggi. Wavelet Toolbox: For Use With, The Math Works Inc ( 1996 ) .18 ] . Although difficult thresholding is the simplest method, soft thresholding can bring forth better consequences than difficult thresholding. Therefore, the soft thresholding was adopted in this survey. There are four threshold choice regulations that are available to utilize with the ripple tool chest [ 9. M. Misiti, Y. Misiti, G. Oppenheim and J.-M. Poggi. Wavelet Toolbox: For Use With, The Math Works Inc ( 1996 ) .18 ] are shown in table 2. These threshold choice regulations use statistical arrested development of the noisy coefficients over clip to obtain a non-parametric appraisal of the reconstructed signal without noise. Merely the Sqtwolog was investigated in this survey which this method uses a fixed signifier threshold, which consequences in minimax public presentation multiplied by a factor proportional to logarithm of the length of the signal. Sing to the degree of decomposition, in this manuscript we reached the decision that a decomposition degree of 4 produced sensible consequenc es after utilised test and mistake method for all faculties. CROSS VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR ANFIS MODULE Cross proof is a exemplary rating method that provides an indicant of how good the scholar will make when it is asked to do new anticipations for information it has non already seen. One manner to get the better of this job is to non utilize the full informations set when developing a scholar. Some of the information is removed before preparation Begins. Then when preparation is done, the informations that was removed can be used to prove the public presentation of the erudite theoretical account on â€Å" new † information. This is the basic thought for a whole category of theoretical account rating methods called cross proof. The training/validation informations split can hold a important impact on the consequences of the theoretical accounts [ 19 ] . Several methods for implementing the cross-validation theory were proposed in the literature ; nevertheless, the kernel of all these methods is similar. Among these different techniques the hold-out method is adopted in this survey due to its simpleness. Most of other methods ( like k-fold and Leave-one-out ) are computationally expensive. The hold-out method is the simplest sort of cross-validation. The information set is partitioned into two sets, called the preparation set and the testing set, without any peculiar pick of the divider. As shown in Fig. 5, the map approximator is trained to suit a map utilizing the preparation set merely. Then the map approximator is used to foretell the end product values for the information in the testing set. Elect optimal length of informations for Cross Validation The job with using the cross-validation attack in our survey is choosing the length of the information set utilised. It is of import for this choice to be representatives for characteristics of both developing informations set and the expected information set in the anticipation procedure. Different length of the cross-validation informations set of one ten percent, one fifth and one tierce of the information records has been examined Fig. 6.RESULT AND DISCUSSIONSince the H2O parametric quantities were truthfully monitored over these ten old ages, the public presentation of the proposed faculties can be examined and evaluated. The public presentations of the faculties are evaluated harmonizing to Mean Absolute Error MAE. ( 4 ) Where m is the figure of proving sample, pi ( trial ) is the theoretical account end product for each parametric quantity, Ti is the existent value for each parametric quantity, I is the parametric quantity index. In this survey, for a given set of ANFIS parametric quantities, three web architectures were developed for each parametric quantity in order to obtain the optimum length of cross-validation informations set that provides the high degree of anticipation truth. The table 3 verifies that, taking one tierce of the information records was non sufficient.The chief ground for this is there was non adequate information record for the preparation procedure, which made it hard to make the mistake end. On the other manus, when one ten percent of the information was used for the cross proof procedure, the high degrees of mistake were observed. Choosing one ten percent of informations records lead to failing in observing the characteristics of the expected information set in anticipatio n procedure. It appears from the tabular array that the MAE was lessening to the about half for the ANFIS faculty that adopted to foretell the T.D.S. after using the one fifth of the information record comparing with cross-validation length equal to tierce. Furthermore, the MAE for the ANFIS that used to foretell the TURB equal to 36.54 when cross-validation equal to one ten percent, while truth ANFIS reduces this mistake to 20.52 after cross proofs equal to one fifth of information record was introduced. Same scenario was obtained in the faculty that used to foretell the COND. As complete, the optimal degree of truth was achieved by choosing the length of the cross-validation equal to one fifth of the information record. After select the optimum length of cross-validation, a comparing between the ANFIS faculties and WDT-ANFIS faculties will present in order to analyze the effectivity of the proposed faculties to foretell WQP. Fig.7 demonstrates the public presentation of the WDT-ANFIS during preparation and cross-validation procedure. It ‘s obvious in Fig. 7 that the public presentation end of was achieved in less than 100 eras, while the same end could non be achieved in Fig. 3. This consequence depicts that the WDT-ANFIS capable to devour the clip. Apparently from Fig. 8 that the WDT-ANFIS based faculty outperformed the ANFIS and was able to supply betterment in anticipation truth of TURB with MAE equal to 0.1. While, inefficient public presentation was observed harmonizing to ANFIS faculty when the MAE was exceed 20. It is apparent with the addition of noise strength ; the WQP will hold more accurate anticipation value through the informations de-noised by WDT than those without de-noising. This indicates the high quality of WDT in cleaning the information. Apparently, the ANFIS faculty that used to foretell the T.D.S was able to accomplish acceptable consequence after using natural information. This consequence figures out that the ANFIS faculty can efficaciously capture nonlinearity in input/output function. More sweetenings in anticipation of T.D.S were achieved after using WDT-ANFIS. Where the truth was betterment eight times comparing with the ANFIS faculty. Albeit the mistake while proving is consider comparatively high comparing with preparation and cross- proof stage, achieve a MAE do n't transcend 3.4 which is consider best consequence in predict the T.D.S. This consequence showed that the WDT-ANFIS faculty could be considered as the appropriate mold technique for anticipation such WQP. It can besides be observed that the WDT-ANFIS faculty outperformed the ANFIS faculty and was able to supply betterment in anticipation truth for COND. It can be noticed that the WDT-ANFIS was capable of accomplishing high degree of truth in anticipation phase equal to 2.2, while inefficient public presentation was observed harmonizing to the ANFIS faculty when the per centum of MAE exceed 25. Over all, in this research, the WDT-ANFIS can hence be declared as the best web architecture because it outperforms ANFIS. These consequences show that the WDT-ANFIS theoretical account was non merely capable of bettering the truth of WQPP but the theoretical account besides was capable of capturing the temporal forms of the H2O quality which allowed it to supply important sweetening in anticipation. As a consequence, ANFIS module become more capable to capture the moral force and the complex processes that hidden in the informations itself for WQP after augmented it with WDT. The above observation is farther illustrated in Fig.9 demoing the public presentation of WDT-ANFIS faculties while preparation, cross-validation and anticipation procedure for the WQP. It is obvious from the Fig. 9 ( a ) that the proposed faculty that adopted to foretell the COND was capable to placing the complex non-linear relationship between input and end product informations where merely one fifth of records were used during anticipation. It is clear from the figure that the maximal per centum mistake for all the trained and cross-validation records is merely 1.85 % and 1.2 % severally. While, the maximal per centum mistake for all the predicted records is merely 3.9 % . This consequence reveals that the proposed faculty able to imitating the existent behaviour of the COND in the H2O organic structure. In order to salvage clip and avoid making independent faculty to each parametric quantity, old faculty that utilized to foretell the COND will follow and examined to foretell the T.D.S. it can be noticed from Fig. 9 ( B ) that using one parametric quantity as input does non let the WDT-ANFIS faculty to hold the exposure to enough input kineticss and the chance to be suitably evaluated during cross-validation procedure. Consequently, the mistake degrees during the anticipation procedure may get down to be larger than those obtained during transverse proof. As a consequence, the system may non be able to keep the same degrees of truth for both the cross proof and anticipation procedure. Even though the degree of mistakes in the anticipation phase is comparatively high, moderately good consequence was obtained for the anticipation of T.D.S where maximal per centum mistakes during anticipation procedure did non transcend 10 % Ali et at. [ 20 ] adopted RBF-NN to foretell the TURB at Johor River Basin. High degree of mistake was obtained due to one parametric quantity was used as input to the faculty. In this portion of this paper, three parametric quantities were introduced as input to the faculty after investigated the correlativity between the inputs and end product. Fig.9 ( degree Celsius ) shows the faculty public presentation while preparation, cross proof and anticipation for TURB. It can detect that the maximal mistake in preparation procedure is falling within 0.05 % which indicates that the theoretical account able gaining control the relationships between input/output. Although the mistake of anticipation phase equal to four times the mistake in cross-validation, the faculty provides high degree of truth comparing with the other faculties that used to foretell the COND and T.D.S where the maximal per centum mistake for all the predicted records is merely 0.21 % .DecisionAdaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Infer ence System ( ANFIS ) can cover with extremely variable, lingual, obscure and unsure informations or cognition. Therefore, this manuscript employs ANFIS theoretical account as a feasible agencies to foretell three H2O quality parametric quantities ; Electrical CONDuctivity ( COND ) , Total Dissolved Solids ( T.D.S ) and TURBidity ( TURB ) at Johor River basin, Malaysia. However, legion incompatibilities in information records are observed in the informations that mensurating by Department of Environment ( DOE ) monitoring Stationss owing to systematic mistakes, random mistakes and mistakes associated with informations entry. This blunt mismatch generate noise corrupted the records of the existent value of the parametric quantities. Therefore, the truth of the ANFIS is significantly affected by such mistakes nature and forms of the monitored informations. In order to predominate over these insufficiencies, ANFIS theoretical account is augmented with Wavelet De-noising Technique ( WDT ) to better the truth. The consequence shown that the WDT can be applied successfully and lend to heighten the truth of H2O quality anticipation by synthesis it with ANFIS algorithm.RecognitionsThe writers wish to thank Department Of Environment for supplying the needed informations for developing this research and to Dr. Sundarambal Palani for her penetration and counsel throughout this research. This research was supported by the research grant for the 2nd and 3rd writers from University Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM-GUP-PLW-08-13-308.

Following a Journalist

Robert J. Samuel persuasive style emphasizes his view on the economy and how it has its ups and downs. He uses literary devices such as rhetorical questions and diction to achieve effectiveness with his persuasive style of writing and to show his purpose of his articles, his purposes are to make the readers reading his article start to see how the current economic states of some nation are. Samuel has a persuasive style of writing; to show that he has persuasive style of writing he uses rhetorical questions. For instance, Samuel asks a question that already has the answer to it, â€Å"Can anyone doubt that the euro’s creation in 1999 was a huge blunder? † This question shows how Samuel style of writing persuades the reader to understand his point of view by presenting them with a question that has only one answer. This question is worded in a way where the only logical answer is that it is a â€Å"huge blunder†. Furthermore, Samuel asks another question that has the answer to it, â€Å"Wonder why government can’t restart the sluggish economy? The obvious answer is that the government can’t restart the sluggish economy because the economy is in such a bad spot the only thing to do is fix it. This shows the persuasive style of writing that Samuel is expressing because he’s trying to persuade his readers that the government is doing nothing to help the economy. Samuel also uses diction to express his persuasive style of writing. For example, Samuel uses the world â€Å"dreadful† to express his claim on how bad the Obamacare policy is. The word dreadful means great suffering or extremely bad, when using that word he sends his reader the message that contributing to the Obamacare policy will bring great suffering to many people. When using the word â€Å"dreadful† it persuades the readers who read Samuels articles to be against the Obamacare. In addition to how diction is used in Samuels’s persuasive style of writing, Samuel uses the word â€Å"poisoned† to show how corrupted the political climate is. The word poison means toxic substance or negative influence, using that word sends the readers a message that the political climate can poison their minds with negative influences and that it could harm them not physical but mentally. When using the word â€Å"poisoned† it persuades the readers who read Samuels’s articles to resent the political climate because it is â€Å"poisoned† and it will poison them if not avoided. Samuel emphasized his point of view and clearly defined it for the reader in a way that convinces them to believe it with his persuasive style of writing. His purpose to most of his articles is to make the readers start to see how the current economic states of some nation are and how some nations economy have their ups and downs. To show his purposes he uses literary devices such as rhetorical questions and diction to achieve effectiveness with his persuasive style of writing.

Why did the Greeks build temples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why did the Greeks build temples - Essay Example Classical temples can be grouped in two categories and these are Ionic and Doric. These styles are known as orders that can be identified in types of column used in temples. Ancient Greek temples were not built for worship or for receiving spiritual comfort. These were basically built for god or goddess who protected the community. Gods controlled the natural calamities and other hazards as well. Gods were capricious at some times and they could harm the community. That is why it was important for everyone to take care of god’s comfort to avoid problems. Their houses were specimen of good construction especially those built during the Dark Age. Gods were keenly looked after. Gods received share in food, harvest, business, trading and military activity. Peripteral, Doric and Ionic orders were the masterpiece constructions in ancient Greek. All the orders differ in type of construction, style and usage of material1. Cult images were mostly used in all the temples to represent go d. These images still speak of the mastery of designers. Statue representation at centre of the temple was either sitting of standing. Initially statues were made of wood but with the passage of time cut stones and different materials were used. Zeus statue was liked worldwide and for some time it remained the part of Seven Wonders of the World2. Another purpose of Greek temples was to house statues of deities. Varieties of statues were placed in a single temple for worshipping and offerings. Specific offerings were a feature of Greek temples in Greece. Offerings might include flowers, jewellery, precious belongings of a person. All the offerings presented by citizens were permanently preserved in the temple. Great construction work reflects the attachment of ancient Greeks with their gods. Temples also served as linkage between sacred and secular in ancient Greece. Altar was the place specified for sacrifices and offerings in a temple. Olympia and Delphi were the places where treas ury was a small building introduced for offerings to god and goddess. The other important parts of the temples which were not part of the religious practice places includes council house, law court, fountain house, separate place for women to fill their vases with water from community fountain. The temples were also linked with open assembly area or market place in the rear3. Normally the part of temple opened for the public was either a cave or line of trees for worship. The sacred enclosure of the temple building was commonly known as Temenos. This place reflected the rural origin of cults. Public was not allowed to move around in the complete temple. Only priests had the privilege of divine presence for showing and performing as representatives of the whole community. Common public was normally not allowed to perform in religious festivals and gatherings. Although they were encouraged to contribute financially as temple was the house of gods. People usually offered lavish sacrifi ces to gods in the shape of livestock and personal belongings4. Different occasions of athletics and dramatic production was a regular feature in ancient Greek. Gods and goddess were presented with rare objects, garments, jewellery and cutlery by the community. Community normally loved to gift statues of young men and women as symbol of deep reverence towards gods. Kore was found in sixth century BC in Athens. Offering of joint prayers with the community normally took place in temple at the end of any gathering or festival5. There is no doubt that temple is the most important building of the Greeks. Statues in temple were placed facing east so that rising sun is first seen from

Galapagos islands Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Galapagos islands - Research Paper Example In addition, sailors have used the islands as a food source and rest stop for hundreds of years. The combination has been an environmental disaster. Efforts have been made through the years to curb the loss of native animal populations due to man’s carelessness but some have become extinct anyway, a shame anywhere that might occur but especially so for these particular islands. The idea of evolution was formed before Darwin’s birth but it was his book On Origin of the Species that popularized the concept. This book is the source of most all educated people’s knowledge of the science to this day. Of course since it’s writing scientists have expanded the field of knowledge regarding the evolutionary process. Though Darwin had studied the evolution, his writings suggest that he still believed in the biblical account of creation before boarding the H.M.S. Beagle on its voyage to the Pacific Ocean, that it was compatible with biological evolution theory. Once h e returned from the islands and thoroughly studied the evidence he had brought back, his concept of the creation of man had evolved to purely a scientific explanation. The species of animals found on the Galapagos are unlike any other, anywhere in the world. Darwin observed a bird, a type of Finch, was very similar but had slightly different characteristics depending on the particular island they inhabited. Interestingly, each island is vastly different. One is like a desert, a second like a lowland forest, a third has a dense forest, a fourth subtropical forests usually found only in higher elevations, a fifth grassy plain-like conditions and so on. He recognized that the Finch’s were different because they had developed specialized physical features designed to adapt to the differing environments. Darwin theorized that a single type of Finch flew to the islands originally then, through biological evolutionary process, developed into several different species over millions o f years. The Galapagos Island chain is fairly new, geologically speaking. It was formed by a series of volcanic eruptions occurring between three and five million years ago. Darwin understood that the island’s isolated location must have offered life the opportunity for a new beginning. â€Å"Seeing every height crowned with its crater, and the boundaries of most of the lava-streams still distinct, we are led to believe that within a period, geologically recent, the unbroken ocean was here spread out,† he documented in his Journal of Researches. â€Å"Hence, both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhat near to that great fact, that mystery of mysteries, the first appearance of new beings on this earth.† (Sulloway, 2005). In other words, the circumstances inherent in the islands was a unique opportunity to view how evolution occurs over a relatively rapid period of time over a very short distance, the perfect laboratory to confirm observations and theor ies. When he returned to his home in England, Darwin, along with a respected ornithologist (bird expert) identified 13 different finch species he had brought back from the Galapagos.  The ornithologist was baffled because he knew that only one species of finch lived on the entire South American Continent which was the only feasible location from which a bird that size could reach the Galapagos without have to land. He also noticed that the beaks

WA3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WA3 - Assignment Example This results in the access of unauthorized persons in the sensitive database of the company. Therefore, security measures should be beefed up and done in an efficient manner to abolish the threats caused by the breaches in security. The world has been haunted by major security breaches in the recent years. In some instance, it has caused loss of numerous lives and huge amounts of money. The most dangerous breach of security in the history of the world was the attack of 9/11. A group of men from Western Asia hijacked four planes and drove them into the Twin Towers and Pentagon. This incident posted doubts all over the world as USA is one of the safest countries and the security of that country was breached. It was understood that no country in this world is safe anymore from the hands of the terrorists. (9-11 Research). Despite the incident, which caused thousands of lives and millions of dollars, no adequate measures were taken to beef up security procedure in the USA. Rather they were interested in plundering the countries of Afghanistan and Iraq in Asia. The fact is further strengthened by the recent incidents in the US of the same category. During the Christmas, a Nigerian boarded a flight from Amsterdam to Detroit carrying a bomb. Surprisingly he evaded security checks and was almost successful in planting the bomb. (Morris & Gregan). In the New Year party arranged at the White House by President Obama, several uninvited guests were seen present. Surprisingly, the authorities were not even aware of the mishap until the next day. It was an embarrassing situation as it involved the White House and the President. It brought forward the question again about the security issues. The country should increase the vigilance measures to avoid such incidents in the days to come. There has been considerable amount of security breaches in business organizations as well. Business houses all over the

Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics - Research Paper Example Research ethics can be defined as the application of basic ethical principles to the subject of study. It includes designing and implementation of the research, human trialing, experimentation on animals, and various other aspects of research. It is also very much crucial to consider the ethical codes prior to carry out the task of research design for data collection. Generally there are three objectives in a research ethics they are protecting the participants, conducting the research in such a way that it serves the purpose of the society on a whole and finally to ensure that research actions are ethically sound. However in the context of social and behavioral research there are many incidents where we find there is a lack of ethical soundness in the research. History of Ethical Principles in Research The Nuremberg trial addressed the experimentation of human being in the context of patient’s right and protection of the human subjects. The code includes:- a) Researches that are based on human must be trialed on animals. b) Risks should be according to the perceived benefits. c) The researches that are based on humans must be carried out by qualified research. ... Belmont Report The Belmont report was developed by ‘National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research’. It was issued during the year 1979 (â€Å"The Belmont Report†). The report summarizes the primary ethical principles and guidelines that should help in the process of determining the ethical issues. The report is divided into two sections namely 1) Limitations between research and practice. 2) Fundamental ethical principles. Regulations and Social and Behavioral Sciences A research review committee is an Institutional Review Board (IRB) must make certain that human research subject needs to be protected. Therefore the questions that should be asked are:- Is the subject of study reasonable? Whether the risks are minimized or not? Whether the risks are justified according to the benefits? Is there a map to control and monitor the security and safety of the subject of study? Assessing Risk in Social and Behavioral Scienc e There are many associated risks with the study of social and behavioral science. Therefore some of the possible risks could be violation of confidentiality, breach of the procedure of study, inaccurate predictions and also the gauged result. However the risks are actually psychological, social, economical and sometimes physical. Informed Consent The participants of the research study must be given sufficient information regarding the study so that they can decide whether to take part or not. They should be informed because the research needs continuous involvement of the participants. Privacy and Confidentiality Any psychological or behavioral research needs high privacy as it mostly deals with secret matters. Moreover discretion and solitude is an important factor in research (Dantzker and

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Report - Essay Example Both the New Deal and the Great Society were programs that were supported by social activists. Roosevelt faced an economy in severe disarray, while Johnson became president during a period of prosperity. The New Deal was almost exclusively aimed at correcting the economic woes that faced America, while the Great Society also meant to correct racial injustice and environmental problems brought on by a changing demographic and new technologies (Johnson, ch. 28). Roosevelt faced high unemployment and extreme poverty when he took office. His programs, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Agricultural Adjustment Act were designed to put people to work and place money into the hands of the average consumer (Roark 626 - 629). Johnsons plans were engineered to elevate the social quality of society by instituting massive programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (Roark 732-736). While Roosevelts programs put Americans back to work an d met their most basic needs, Johnsons legislation was meant to decrease the gap between rich and poor and give America a vision for the future. While both programs have had their critics, they have also had their success. Critics have often pointed to the negative effects of sweeping government economic programs that disrupt the market. However, the programs of the New Deal were able to stimulate the economy and bring people out of unemployment. Roosevelts programs brought electricity to the rural south and built national infrastructure. Johnsons Great Society has resulted in medical care for the neediest Americans and has enabled millions of students to attend college that otherwise would have been unable to attend. World War II would test the resolve and will of the American public to engage itself in the new global arena. Since the beginning of the

Equity, Conscience, And Unjust Enrichment Essay

Equity, Conscience, And Unjust Enrichment - Essay Example The doctrines are progressive, refined and improved; and if we want to know what the rules of equity are, we must look, of course, rather to the more modern than the more ancient cases: The contention that both branches of law are fused for practical purposes is more recent. Despite the fact that the primacy of equity was reaffirmed in the Supreme Court Act 19814 s 49 (1), (2), Lord Diplock took the view that: Lord Browne-Wilkinson said in Tinsley v Milligan [1994]6 that English law was now a single law which was made up of legal and equitable interests, and a person owning either type of estate had a right of property amounting to a right in rem not merely a right in personam. This is consistent with Lord Goff's view in Napier and Ettrick (Lord] v Hunter [1993]7: However, this did not prevent equity from developing new correctives and devices to meet new circumstances. Lord Denning was a proponent of the view that law and equity had fused for both administrative and practical purposes. He seemed to interpret this to mean on the one hand, that all remedies were available regardless of the origin of the cause of action.8 On the other hand, he continued to recognize equity's ability to create new remedies and recognize rights, through such concepts as the 'new model constructive trust': Equity is not past the age of childbearing. One of her latest progeny is a constructive trust of a new model. This does not mean that equity is past childbearing; simply that its progeny must be legitimate - by precedent out of principle. It is well that this should be so; otherwise, no lawyer could safely advise on his client's title and every quarrel would lead to a law-suit'.

The Jamestown Settlement Essay Example for Free

The Jamestown Settlement Essay I always consider the settlement of America with reverence and wonder, as the opening of a grand scene and design in providence, for the illumination of the ignorant and the emancipation of the slavish part of mankind all over the earth. -John Adams. Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the New World. The Jamestown Colony is a town in Virginia. It is the oldest, and first, English colony in North America. The London Company, formed in 1606, was a group of ten men, mostly well-to-do merchants, who decided to colonize Virginia (Fishwick, 49). Francis Bacon, a member of the Company, decided the colony was to be a long-term scheme and settlers were to be given twenty years to find their feet (Fishwick, 49). Settlers were selected for their special skills, and included many farmers so the colony could become self-sufficient. The Colonial Council was a group of thirteen settlers who would be directed by a royal council of thirteen in England (Fishwick, 49). One member was selected to be the president, and he would make laws, vote taxes, mint money, and dispense justice in Virginia (Fishwick, 49). The settlers were granted â€Å"all rights and immunities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  of citizens in England, including the right to own land and trial by jury (Fishwick, 50). All taxes on trade with Virginia were used to benefit the colony. The London Company set sail from Blackwell, England, on December 20, 1606 (Fishwick, 50). They had three ships, tools, weapons, ammunition, food, grain, and 105 â€Å"hardy adventurers† (Fishwick, 50). Many settlers were classified as â€Å"gentlemen†, and there were some skilled craftsmen and farmers, and two surgeons (Fishwick, 50). The settlers came to the New World to acquire land, gold, or quick fortunes in trade. They sought a greater measure of liberty, though some were merely restless or driven by the love of adventure, but they all shared a hope for better things in Virginia (Fishwick, 50). The Council’s directions were to search for gold and other precious metals, explore the rivers for a passage to the South Sea (Northwest Passage), and to look for the Lost Colony (Fishwick, 51). The three vessels, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery, took the colonists to the New World. The Susan Constant was the largest at 100 tons, and was very roomy. The Godspeed was forty tons, and the Discovery was twenty tons (Fishwick, 51). They would be out at sea for four weeks before reaching the West Indies. Ship food consisted of hard biscuits, saltmeat and fish, and barley gruel (Fishwick, 51). Land was sighted on April 26, 1607. George Percy recorded â€Å"About 4:00 in the morning, we descried the land of Virginia† (Fishwick, 57). Edward Maria Winfield was elected president of the Colony. An advance party as sent out to explore the country and choose a site for settlement. The site was chosen on May 13th. It was a flat peninsula nearly three miles long and located on the north side of the James River. Though it could be defended with ease, the land was low and boggy with sandy soil and malaria mosquitos (Fishwick, 60). Jamestown was founded a year before the French founded Quebec (Appleby, 8). It was funded by a joint-stock company, whose investors saw the colonies as sources of raw materials and markets for English goods. Despite early troubles, the settlers survived with the help of local Native Americans, the Powhatan Confederacy. The colony prospered by growing tobacco. In 1619, the House of Burgesses was formed to make their own laws (Appleby, 8). More than 4,500 settlers immigrated to Virginia in 1622 (Appleby, 8). The expansion of the colony alarmed Native Americans and they attacked Jamestown in 1622. The English court blamed the Virginia Company’s policies for high death rates and revoked its charter (Appleby, 8). Virginia became a royal colony run by a governor appointed by the king. Pocahontas was born in 1596 (â€Å"Pocahontas†, 1). Her birth name was â€Å"Amonute† and â€Å"Pocahontas† was just a nickname, meaning â€Å"playful one† because of her frolicsome and curious nature. She was the daughter of the Powhatan chief, Wahunsenaca. The Powhatan chieftan had a population of about 25,000 (â€Å"Pocahontas†, 1). When the English arrived and settled in Jamestown in 1607, Pocahontas was eleven years old. In the winter of 1607, Captain John Smith of Jamestown was captured by the Powhatan. He was brought in front of the chief and two large stones were placed on the ground with Smith’s head placed on top of them to be smashed. Pocahontas quickly intercepted and put her head on top of his, stopping the execution (â€Å"Pocahontas†, 2). As a result of this, the Powhatan chief told Smith he was a part of the tribe in exchange for â€Å"two great stones and a grindstone† and the chief would treat him as his son (â€Å"Pocahontas†, 2). Chief Powhatan sent gifts of food to the starving English settlers. Pocahontas brought the gifts to Jamestown and became a symbol of peace to the English. The Jamestown National Historic Site is on the western edge of Jamestown Island, Virginia. It is located seven miles from Colonial Williamsburg and is a total of 22.5 acres (â€Å"Jamestown National Historic Site†, 1). Jamestown is important because it was the first English colony in North America. It is also the scene of the first representative legislature on this continent on July 30, 1619 (â€Å"Jamestown National Historic Site†, 1). In 1893, the owners, Mr. and Mrs. Edward E. Barney donated a plot of their land to the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA). In 1934, the rest of the land was acquired by the National Park Service as a part of the Colonial National Historical Park (â€Å"Jamestown Nat. Hist. Site†, 1). The trip from Greensburg, Indiana to Jamestown, Virginia is a relatively long one. It is a total of about 624 miles. By car, the trip takes eleven hours (â€Å"Google Maps†, 1). Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the New World. The Jamestown settlement is rich in our country’s history and is remembered throughout time as the beginning of a new nation.

The Importance Of Safety In The Workplace Construction Essay

The Importance Of Safety In The Workplace Construction Essay Safety, health and environment are important thing in our workplace. This is the top priority in every workplace. Something must need to be done to encourage employees, employer and industries to put safety, health and environment at the top of their agenda. The most important thing is our commitment in taking the action and our commitment to take suitable changes to ensure that safety, health and environment is forefront of everyones thinking. Thus, the objective of this topic is to know how engineers can contribute in the awareness of safety, health and environment. In addition, an engineer also must always keep abreast with development in order to be a successful engineer in all aspects. II.METHODOLOGY Methodology used in preparing the report (do the work) are do research on the selected titles, collecting the data, interpreting the data, and finding the suitable case of study as the example. III.DISCUSSION This part of report will discuss about the theory, concept and explanation on contributions of engineer in safety, health and environment. The ethics on safety We were also discussing the ways of an engineer can keep abreast with the development of technologies without confining any other discipline . i.Contribution in safety Safety is priority thing in workplace. We need to ensure that safety in workplace because to minimize the risk of accident occur [1]. Every employee has their own role to make sure that nothing happened when doing the task. When something occurs, the companies need to use a lot of money either in new design or pay the money to the victims. There are many ways how to contribute awareness in safety. One of them is engineer need to participate in design state [2]. With this way, engineer will know the problem in their design. Problem in the design will be found during the testing design. With this testing design, engineer can solve or upgrade their design. Other than that, enforcement snag should be carried out continuously. In order to prevent workers from repeating their false, they need to be penalized. If it involves serious case, they need to be charge in court. However, some people state that this is not proper way to encourage them to become a good worker. Serious enforcement and inspection has to be made especially for high rise projects. This is to ensure that all workers ensure that the equipment and structures at workplace would not pose a danger to the workers themselves and the public. Perhaps in the future, the authorities would have the right to penalize workers who defy safety and health guidelines at a wo rkplace. Another suggestion is the ministry could also publish the names of engineers, details of their projects and their track records in meeting safety guidelines. Training and education are also important to educate worker. With training and education not only reduce the accident also reduce the cost and save life. A study by Toole (2002) had found that if workers do not have proper training on safety, they may not be able to recognize potential hazards at a site. The workers also need to sit for a basic skills test written examination on safety. This exam carried out to determine the competency level of new workers on their knowledge and awareness. At Singapore, government of Singapore has introduced a skill test to construction workers in the country. Workers who passed the examination would be awarded with skill evaluation certificate. But Malaysian government still did not use this approach. Maybe in the next future, it can be used to increase the safety in Malaysias industry. The main problem with the safety issues is the attitude of the worker. They need to change their behavior in order to prevent accident occur to them. Some workers did not expose with the environment of workplace. So, they need to enter programs that teach them how to contribute awareness in safety. Last but not least, commitments of management also important in adopting safe work at workplace. Nothing happened if only the workers take part in awareness of safety. Management need to prepare a safety workplace like prepare a fire hole in building and also put a poster about safety in building. ii. Contribution in Health There are many ways to contribute awareness in health. Actually, we can take ways from awareness in safety as contribution awareness in health. One of the ways to contribute awareness in health is a change in designer mindset. Some designers always think their design without thinking others prospects. They just think their design can publish or not. This is bad attitude because they not think about the others. Other than that, motivate the designer also one of important way of contribution of awareness in health. Many designers need incentives beyond the benefits to worker safety and health, in order to wholeheartedly embrace the practice. Other potential sources of motivation and incentive include the design contract, market forces, knowledge of potential cost savings, professional codes of ethics, building codes, standard design practice, and legislative actions such as regulations that clearly recognize a safety role for designers. Designers also need have high knowledge. The lack of safety and health knowledge among designers should be addressed by providing training on safety health-related topics during the designers formal education and continuing professional development. Alternative designs that enhance safety and health must be collected and made available for reference. Also, designers need practical guidelines for addressing safety amid the complex array of design processes and regulations they encounter in their work. Constructor involvement also plays the important role in contribution awareness in health and safety. Constructors and construction workers can help designers recognize potential construction safety hazards and identify a facilitys permanent design features that could be modified to minimize such hazards. iii.Contribution to Environment Nowadays, environmental protection has becomes significant issues. In order to increase the awareness in this problem, Environmental Ethics have been introduced in purpose to develop roots of environmental movement and to understand the responsibility to the environment [1]. Engineers lead in the creation of solutions for the problems caused by current technologies. Thus, engineers play important roles in protecting environment. Environments protection is needed in order to protect the integrity of biosphere, to control dangerous and unnatural substances and lastly to provides a healthy environment for human beings [1]. One of the important contributions of engineer to environmental issue is working to find solutions to the problems caused by the modern technology. The skills and knowledge of an engineer is needed to help to protect the environment and this duty is one of the engineering codes of ethics. The concern about the environment has grown thus when developing a new technology, engineers should ensure designed product does not affect the environment. The product that has been produced must have the least effect to the environment. For examples, many of the products nowadays are recyclable and can be reused thus this can save the source of our nature. To make sure the environment is protected and be taking care with the development of technologies, environmental code of ethics should be practice by all engineers. Professional codes of ethics already told us the safety of people and environment to be of paramount importance. This statement clearly states that engineer do have responsibility to ensure their work done in the most environmentally safe manner [1]. In reality, there might be complexity on these issues such as conflict between employers desires and the employee. When an employer suggest on project that ethically wrong and gave a big impact on environment, an engineer have the right to express his opinion on moral issues regarding environment. In this case, both professional and personal ethics can be used as the guidelines in making a decision. Basically, an engineer needs to make a decision in the area which he competent. Thus, for many environmental issues, engineers should seek for counsel who have better knowledge in environments policy in order to help analyze and to understand the possible consequences of a project done to the environment. Engineers also can corporate with biologists or public health experts when developing a new project in order to ensure the project conducted in the most environmental manner. Sustainable Design is widely been practiced in most development countries in this world. It is also known as Green Engineering in some countries. Sustainable Development is the challenge of meeting human needed in many areas likely in natural resources, industrial products, energy, food, transportation and effective waste management [4]. This concept also conserved and protected environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future development [4]. This is to ensure that engineer products design does not harm the environment. By using this Green Engineering Principles, an engineer can help to maintain the integrity of the environment and most importantly to make sure that quality of human life can be sustained. iv. Way to keep abreast with the development of technology In this technological era, an engineer must go ahead and keep abreast with the new development. One way to keep abreast with the development of technology is to attend the professional conference or seminar. Usually in the conference all engineer from various field are pleasantly presenting their new research and projects. Globalization is trending in world right now. It is a term that describes the global actions toward economy, politic, technology and society needed which makes national boundaries is less important. Globalization is changing the way of our lives either on a personal basis or social relationship. Engineers should take advantages on globalization as it is a world without boundaries. The effects of globalization includes such as the emergence of worldwide production markets, expanded level of trades and the development of global telecommunications system which allow engineers to work in any places in the world while keep in contact in the other part of the world. The rapidly changing skill requirements and knowledge in the engineering profession are important challenges to engineer. Thus, lifelong learning is a way for individual engineers to keep abreast with the new fundamentals. Merely take notes on the new development and takes training on the latest technology are good ways to keep in the right track of the current developments. It is noticeable that an engineer should make decision only in the area which he is competent. Thus, in developing new project, all engineers in various area should cooperates and work together to ensure the project done have good impacts to society. Cooperation of all engineers can keep them abreast with the current technologies that been produced and make them aware of the new products that will be produced. v. Case Study on Clean Water: The Professional Engineers Contribution to Health In 1848, after a second outbreak of cholera again due to polluted drinking water in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, a water supply system was suggested to overcome the growing health problem[5]. Five years later, John Fredrick Bateman, a civil engineer, concluded his study to find the best potential source for Glasgow, recommending the high-quality water of Loch Katrine. The resulting supply system took three and half years to complete and involved the construction of a dam on the loch, 42km of aqueduct, a similar length of trunk mains, 74km of distribution pipes and the Mugdock storage reservoir at Milngavie. Over 140 years later, changes to European and UK water quality standards, particularly in respect of disinfectant by-products and micro-organisms such as Cryptosporidia, formed the main driver behind the new water treatment plant. In 2003, the main contractor, MJ Gleeson was appointed to manage the design and construction of the new Loch Katrine Water Works. The design of the new treatment works involved over 100 technical staffs from 25 different disciplines. Disciplines involved included are civil engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, environmental consultants, cost consultants etc. In addition, due to the Katrine is a famous tourism spot, environmental factors were considered for the construction. In order to minimize the visual and landscape impacts of the project, the plant is partially sunk into ground while open exposed areas have been given a natural stone finish and service reservoir has a green roof [5]. The sludge system was moved into the sewer system on the other side of the site, which prevented developing a separate on-site sludge treatment plant. To summarize, the original works was for transporting water form Loch Katrine to Glasgow with very little in the way of treatment. The fundamental function of the new works is treatment. Both are excellent examples of outstanding professional engineering. IV.CONCLUSION As the conclusion, engineers have the responsibility to concern on health, safety and environment issues for their design and workplace. In order to overcome new threat, they also need to keep updated with new technology such that they can contribute more in improving the life of mankind. V.REFERENCES [1] Charles B. Fleddermann, Engineering Ethics, E Source Prentice Hall 3rd Edition. [2] Engr. Mohd Khairolden Ghani, Grad. IEM, Engr. Dr. Zuhairi Abd. Hamid, MIEM, PEng, Engr. Maria Zura Mohd Zain, Grad.IEM, Engr. Ahmad Hazim Abdul Rahim, Grad. IEM, Engr. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar, Grad. IEM, Muhammed Asraff Abdul Rahman Construction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM) CIDB Malaysia, Safety Malaysian Construction: The Challengenges and Initiatives [3] John Gambatese, Jimmie Hinze, Michael Behm ,Oregon State University, University of Florida, East Carolina University(May 2005), Investigation of the Viability of Designing for Safety [4] National Society of Professional Engineers, United States [5] Katrine Water Treatment Project, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Retrieved Oct 4, 2010, from http://www.watertechnology.net/projects/katrine

Interpreting Dreams Through Humanistic Sandtray Therapy

Interpreting Dreams Through Humanistic Sandtray Therapy Aaron Glogowski Dr. Michael E. Dunn Swan, K. L., Schottelkorb, A. A. (2013). Interpreting Children’s Dreams Through Humanistic Sandtray Therapy. International Journal of Play Therapy, 22 (3), 119-128. doi: 10.1037/a0033389 Swan and Schottelkorb open this article with a statement on dreams and adolescence. They first not that studies have shown that children as young as three years old are able to recall their dreams. Some studies have even hypothesized that children’s dreams can reveal what they think about themselves. Afterward, they proceed to show an example of how children’s dreams change as they develop. Children tend to take on a more active part in their dreams as they get older, and their dreams from ages 4-12 become scarier, based on events in their lives. In this way, traumatic experiences could wind up playing a large part in children’s dreams. In their analysis, Swan and Schottelkorb determined that they wanted to find an approach to aid children in examining their dreams for various thoughts and feelings that may be hidden within them. But to do that, they needed to develop a method of experimentation first, and they wound up choosing the sandtray method. According to their research, Margaret Lowenfeld is the person responsible for creating the World Technique, which gave the base for the development of sandtray therapy. The sandtray method is meant to allow children to recreate scenes from their dreams on a sandtray, which they are then able to explore. Through their experiment, Swan and Schottelkorb hoped to determine whether the children’s dreams could be based on past or present events, in addition to providing them with an outlet to explore their dreams. To carry out their experiment, they began by creating four distinct phases through which the study would occur. These included the precreation phase, the creation phase, the dream processing phase, and the postprocessing phase. Each phase had a very specific goal attached to it. In the first phase, the precreation phase, the aim was to help the children recreate the dreams in their mind, and to bring them to a state of relaxation. The phase began by putting the child through a sense of meditation. The therapist took them through a series of steps to relax them and help them focus their mind. They started by giving them simple statements about themselves or their environment, before moving their attention to the dream aspect of the therapy. The therapist would ask them a series of questions about the dreams to get the child’s thought process focused on the dream’s details. Once they were done asking questions about the dream, they proceeded to the next step. In phase two, the creation phase, the focus shifted to the child’s creation of their dream. At the beginning of phase two, the child was given a sandtray to recreate their dream to the best of their ability. They were told to use as much or as little as necessary to properly create the dream. Swan and Schottelkorb note that it is imperative that the therapist stays engaged and focused on the child, watching their process silently, in order to maintain the proper therapeutic environment for the child to continue to create their dreams in the sand. It was offered that the therapist may note their thoughts and feelings as they try to track the course of the dream. Once that phase concluded, they moved on to the actual dream processing. Phase three, the phase of the processing of the dream, was divided up into several steps. This phase was designed to help better understand the dream and the feelings associated with it. The dream processing phase began with the therapist asking the child to explain the scene that they had created. Swan and Schottelkorb note that by doing this, the focus was able to shift from the child to the creation in the sand, thus making it easier for them to discuss the dream, and any issues or problems that may go along with it. In the first step of the process, the therapist’s goal was to get a firm idea of the world of the dream, asking the child very specific questions about the objects that they had created within the sandtray. At that point, the therapist would ask questions about what happened between certain objects. In the next step, the therapist would ask the child about how certain objects made them feel. The therapist would try to follow along in a way that mimicked the child’s feelings, for example, telling the child about things that they saw with them when they were talking about a certain object. The goal of this portion of the phase was to take notice of how the child felt toward certain triggers. Step three involves the therapist and child trying to figure out what the child sees or imagines when he is presented with a specific object from the set. The hoped to use this step to discover hidden meanings with objects, and how they may be associated with other experiences that th e child may have had. Step four is about examining any possible events that could be in some way linked to the formulation of the dream. Swan and Schottelkorb say that the therapist may need to ask questions in a more solid way to get the specific responses required based on the issue of determining specific triggers for past or present memories. The final step is about reflection, or trying to piece all of the information together. The therapist may ask the child some questions about how they feel about what the dream means, allowing the child to come to terms with the dream as well. The final phase of the study was the postprocessing phase, in which the main goal was to determine the ultimate meaning behind the dream. The therapist asked the child to create a title for the sandtray creation. They hope that this title would help to create a single idea for the meaning of the dream. The child was then asked to create a phrase to sum up how they discovered the meaning of the dream. They make it clear that a picture should be taken of all of the dream scenes to monitor the therapeutic process. They also caution against resetting the dream scene in the sandtray until the child leaves, as it may serve as an extension of the unconscious. Swan and Schottelkorb note one particular case in which a ten year old patient by the name of Mary was subjected to this form of therapy. Mary’s mother had brought her in to therapy because she was worried about Mary being abnormally anxious and sad. The therapist used the sandtray process to uncover the meanings behind a dream that Mary had involving an attacking clock, a fighting wolf, and a protective dog. Through the process, Mary and the therapist were able to determine that she was having these feelings of sadness and anxiety because of her parent’s recent divorce. After the session was over, Mary revealed that she was now feeling more at ease with everything. Swan and Schottelkorb note that the sandtray method used in this instance seemed to activate a healing process for the patient. They end their study by stating that dream based therapy may prove useful for children experiencing emotional difficulties, but where there is no official evidence on the specific type of therapy, counselors should make sure that they obtain full consent before using the method.

To Kill A Mockingbird - How To Change Your Peers Opinon On Racism :: Free To Kill A Mockingbird Essays

If this information makes you feel uncomfortable do not further research it. It can cause mental disturbance if you are not ready for it. I know it may seem cool but I am being serious. Today I am going to compare racism in TKAMB between racism in real life situations. The main topics that I have chosen are racism in the form of bullying and racism as in the form of discrimination. In the book there are many more forms of racism as bullying than I thought there would be. They are common like when people say Nigger talk they mean talking without making sense or talking with out proper wording. There are everyday issues like while building a snowman partly out of mud Scout says as a joke †Jem I ain’t ever heard of a Nigger snowman.† Here they find paying out Negroes funny. The kids in the book tease scout and Jem because they have an annoying nature. As when Cecil Jacobs announces that Scout Finch’s daddy defends niggers and when Francis calls Scout a â€Å"Nigger lover† These terms although are nearly said in the way that saying Nigger lover is just like saying snot-nosed. While in real life bullying occurs because of many reason which can be that It makes bullies feel powerful, Because they want to impress others, Because they have an unrelated prejudice against the victim, the bully simply doesn’t know how offensive they are being, Because others have influenced them to do so, Because they have been taught this way, Because they find it a matter of amusement, Because they are forced to do so to fit in, Because they haven’t thought about what they are saying and have no previous thoughts before they open their mouths, Or they do so to get even with the bully who bullied them. Racism As in discrimination and extreme hatred In TKAMB there are many instances where the black Negroes are discriminated against or the Negroes discriminate against the white people. Situations, which occur in this book also, occur in real life. Many where racism is a tool of discrimination, situations like excluding people from social groups or from communities or not giving them equal rights. Situations in TKAMB are seen in the following instances. Where cal wants to take the children to the black church people try to oppose her. Being around Negroes is derogatory to your reputation and a punishment this is shown when talking about Boo Radley â€Å" The sheriff hadn’t the heart to but him in jail alongside Negroes†

Is Of mice and men a pessimistic story? Essay -- English Literature

Is Of mice and men a pessimistic story? Of mice and men is a great novel. It covers many points, racism, sexism, the depression and a lot of others. To some people the novel is an optimistic story to others it is pessimistic. But which is it really? "Of mice and men" covers a lot of points; the depression with people going from job to job wandering and not getting a long-term job. Lennie and George go from job to job starting from the town, weed and then going to the new ranch. They did not like it there and they were going to leave in a few months to go to a new place. Candy even says to George that you really are here to work then, we have a lot of people come in on the Saturday get their meal and bed until Sunday and then go. This is an example of the depression, candy s...

Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman Essay

Willy Loman is often recognised as the tragic hero of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman but arguments can be made against Biff being the contemporary hero and thus the true hero of the play. The purpose of a tragedy is to create pity and fear in the audience. A traditional tragedy consists of the central character, the tragic hero, creating chaos in the community he lives in. The hero becomes tempted by something, leading to the exposure of the character’s fatal flaw. The fatal flaw becomes the dominant characteristic of the hero and ultimately leads to the hero’s downfall and demise. After the hero’s death, at the end of the tragedy, order is restored, leaving the audience with a sense of catharsis. Miller creates an American tragedy, as opposed to a Greek or Shakespearean. America has never had a king or nobility who could represent a tragic hero in a traditional tragedy and Miller wanted to give a voice to the ordinary working class man, showing their lives can also be tragic. He once stated â€Å"I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for a tragedy as kings are† (New York Times. 27th Feb 1949). Despite critics arguing against it being a tragedy Linda declaring â€Å"attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person† (Page 44) recognises the tragic status of the play. She also highlights the importance of the ordinary working class, who too can be tragic heroes. The tragic hero is seen to be punished out of proportion for one fatal mistake they make. Willy’s mistake is his belief in the American Dream which he continues to chase relentlessly. His fatal flaw -his hamartia – is his insecurity, which leads him to suffer throughout the play. Willy is an unsuccessful salesman, living in the city, struggling to face reality and re-living memories which he had reinterpreted to fit his dreams (Page. 2003. Page 62). Willy has bought into the American Dream, chasing it relentlessly throughout his life, but his dreams are unrealistic. Dave Singleman, an eighty-four year old salesman, became his inspiration and role model, after he â€Å"realized selling was the greatest career a man could want† (Page 63). Willy saw Singleman as loved and adored by everybody and so his insecurity led him to follow the same career path, in the hope he would lead the life that Willy saw Singleman as living. â€Å"Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four†¦ and be remembered and loved and helped by so many people?† (Page 63). Willy’s perception of Singleman is a warped perception. Just like his perception of the American Dream, it is just an illusion. Willy fails to realise this and gain a grasp of reality, leading to his death and making him a tragic hero. Willy has lived the wrong dream; he should be out in the countryside with his family, working in a job making use of his hands. He put his own ceiling in his living room and is oblivious to the amount of skill it takes to do such a job. Charley: â€Å"Yeah. That’s a piece of work. To put up a ceiling is a mystery to me. How do you do it?† Willy: â€Å"What’s the difference?† (Page 34). Biff recognizes Willy â€Å"had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong.† (Page 110). However, Willy always worked hard for his family, showing courage and determination. Willy wants success to be able to spend more time with his wife and family but is often dismissive of them, even berating Linda for buying the wrong cheese. â€Å"Why do you get American when I like Swiss?† (Page 12). Willy is incapable of relinquishing his dream and another character flaw, his pride, stands in the way of him accepting a job from Charley. â€Å"What the hell are you offering me a job for?† – Willy (Page 33). Willy’s relentless pursuit of his dream makes him a tragic hero. Willy was abandoned by his father and brother at a young age. Singleman then became his role model and father figure. Throughout the play Willy struggles with insecurity, a result of being abandoned. During times he relives the past and escapes into old memories he often talks to his older brother Ben. It is not an accurate representation of his real memories of Ben – it is unlikely he ever saw Ben again at all – but Willy uses Ben as a voice to criticise his own life. During Willy’s memories Ben spends a lot of time putting Willy down and trying to leave. â€Å"Haven’t the time, William.† – Ben (Page 66). Although Willy’s main character flaw is his insecurity he has others. Willy is often contradictory, calling Biff a â€Å"lazy bum†, then saying Biff is â€Å"not lazy† (Page 11). Willy fails to berate Biff for stealing a ball, even saying â€Å"Coa ch’ll probably congratulate you on your initiative!† (Page 23). He does not reprimand Biff for his stealing, often encouraging him. Willy is contradictory, telling Biff â€Å"just wanna be careful with those girls†, yet has a mistress himself (Page 21). The introduction of his affair â€Å"[From the darkness is heard a laughter of a woman]† (Page 29) turns Willy’s memories darker, as it was Biff finding out about the affair that caused their relationship to break down. Willy exaggerates his success, telling Linda he did â€Å"five hundred gross in Providence and seven hundred gross in Boston† and then changing to â€Å"roughly two hundred gross on the whole trip† (Page 27). He exaggerates to boost his self confidence and fight against his insecurity. Willy has bought into the materialistic concept of the American Dream. His motto is â€Å"be liked and you will never want† (Page 25). . Willy believes to be successful you must be well liked, believing â€Å"a man can end with diamonds here on the basis of being liked† (page 68). He believes he has to be successful for Biff to love him but ironically Biff has loved him all along. Willy is a good man, proving this by showing his happiness for Bernard success – â€Å"Willy: [genuinely shocked, pained and happy]† (Page 75). Despite Willy pursuing the wrong dreams he shows courage, determination and a love for his family, creating pity and sympathy in the audience. However his several flaws, the biggest of which is insecurity, lead to his demise, making him a tragic hero. A contemporary hero has qualities such as strength, honesty, morality, integrity, self-reliance and the courage to face up to reality. At the start of play Biff has not managed to relinquish his father’s dreams completely. He works out on a ranch, a job he loves, but comes back every spring because of his guilt, to try and succeed in sales, a career he hates. â€Å"It’s a measly manner of existence† (Page 16). He realises he would do better in the country and all he truly desires â€Å"is to be outdoors† (Page 16) but he hasn’t been able to abandon his father’s dreams completely. Biff is physically attractive and could have been a top football star but his confidence has diminished. â€Å"Biff Loman is lost† (Page 11.) It is evident from the beginning of the play that Biff is worried about Willy’s struggle with reality and his past. â€Å"Does he know Mom can hear that?† (Page 20). From a young age Willy encouraged the wrong ideals in Biff. Willy often condoned and ignored Biffs tendency to steal, rather than reprimanded. â€Å"Shut up! He’s not stealing anything!† (Page 40). Biff stole after feeling humiliated to regain a sense of power. By the end of the play Biff is honest about his stealing, even admitting he â€Å"stole a suit in Kansas City and was in jail† (Page 104). Stealing a pen from Ben Oliver’s office forces him to realise the things he loves in the world and the stupidity of his stealing. â€Å"What the hell am I grabbing this thing for?† (Page 105). Biff has a moment of self-realization at the end of the play, accepting reality and being honest about his life. He realises they have spent their lives chasing the wrong dreams and his father must abandon the American Dream. â€Å"Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens?† (Page 106). He tries to force the rest of his family into facing reality, managing to force Willy into face it for a brief moment. Willy refuses to let go, relinquishing the chance to become the true hero, and remaining the tragic hero of Death of a Salesman. Biff had always been conceited, a result of Willy’s constant praise – â€Å"Good work, Biff† (Page 22) – throughout his youth, when they had a great relationship, until Biff found out about Willy’s affair. However, by the end of the play Biff realises he’s â€Å"a dime a dozen† (Page 105), ridding himself of the self-superiority he has spent years carrying around. He understands Willy spent so much time praising him that he became egotistical. â€Å"I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air that I could never stand taking orders from anybody† (Page 104). Biff realises his arrogance, facing up to reality, admitting he is â€Å"not a leader of men† (Page 105). Biff has always felt some reluctance to follow the American Dream. By the end of the play he realises Willy and the Lowman family had always been chasing the wrong dreams and he faces and accepts reality. He accepts he was never anything more than a shipping clerk and realises his family have been living in a fantasy world. â€Å"We’ve been talking in a dream for fifteen years† (Page 82). Biff finds self-assurance, and is comfortable with who he is. â€Å"I know who I am, kid† (Page 111). He matures and faces up to the world of reality. Biff finds his identity, faces reality, is honest about his life and finds a personal, as well as physical strength. He shows a lot of the qualities found in a contemporary hero. Miller uses expressionism and realism in Death of a Salesman. Realism accurately portrays characters and situations through human characteristics and language, costumes, and sets. Expressionism is concerned with portraying the inner emotions and psychology of a character. Dialogue tends to become more poetic and lighting is used to create atmosphere in expressionism. Realism looks at the objective; expressionism looks at the subjective. Miller uses realism in the play through the life-like sets, the realistic American-English language and the typical costumes. Expressionism is used when Willy is re-living the past, reinterpreting memories to suit him; he often lives in this world. He is happier in his past memories, before the affair and before his and Biffs r elationship broke down. Willy often tries to escape to the past and into expressionism. Realism and the present are too painful for Willy as he has to live with his strained relationship with Biff, his failure as a salesman, and his guilt of an affair. Happy has been influenced by Willy to chase the American Dream but does not pursue it to Willy’s extent, ruling him out as the tragic hero. He is not as successful as he would like to be. â€Å"All I can get do is wait for the merchandise manager to die (Page 17). He sleeps with women to avenge men who have surpassed him on the career path; similar to Biff seeking revenge on those who have humiliated him by stealing. Happy lives in the Loman dream world, refusing to face reality. He is happy to allow Willy to live in a dream world, to carry on humoring him. â€Å"Sure, have lunch tomorrow!† (Page 88). Even after Willy’s death Happy is unable to relinquish Willy’s desire to fulfill the American Dream. â€Å"I’m gonna show you and everybody else that Willy Lowman did not die in vain† (Page 111). Happy appears to be jealous of Biff being Willy’s favorite â€Å"How do you like that damned fool! (Page 47). This could be a possible reason why he follows the dream – to seek his father’s approval. Linda regularly defends Willy and excuses his behavior, which only keeps Willy trapped in his destructive dream. Miller’s opening stage directions suggest Willy creates and structures Linda’s ideals for her â€Å"his massive dreams and little cruelties†¦longings which she shares, but lacks the temperament to utter and follow to the end† (Page . Linda is the mediator of the family, often discovering the reasons behind Willy’s cruelties whilst mediating. She adores Willy but kindness such as buying him special cheese is just thrown back in her face, something she accepts without argument. Linda knows Willy has impossible dreams, but unlike Biff she cannot bring herself to acknowledge the fact. Linda will not allow Willy’s dreams to be crushed because he is the â€Å"dearest man in the world† (Page 43) to her and she will not have anyone â€Å"making him feel unwanted and low and blue† (Page 43). What she does not realise is by leaving Willy to continue chasing his dreams, he will become a tragic hero (Page. 2003. Page 71-73). Willy is a tragic hero; he continues to chase his dreams relentlessly failing to recognise he should be in a job making use of his hands, living in the country. Willy only saw a warped perception of Singleman’s life, Willy’s inspiration, role model and father figure, after his father and brother abandoned him. Willy uses Ben’s voice to criticise himself in his reinterpreted memories. His abandonment led to his insecurity, leading to his death. His insecurity led to his affair, which led to the breakdown of the relationship between him and his son, Biff. Despite Willy’s flaws, he loves his family and shows he is a good man, inspiring pity and sympathy in the audience, provoking sadness with his death, making him a tragic hero in the traditional sense, but not the true hero. Biff could have been a top football star and is physically strong. He is courageous; he is the only member of the Loman family at the start of the play to have partly relinquished the American Dream and by the end he has completely relinquished it. He faces reality and attempts to make his family face it to, even managing to make Willy face it for a brief moment. He is finally honest about his life – his career and his stealing. He shows morality and integrity. One of the hardest things to do in life is to face up to reality and Biff alone manages to do this making him the true hero of Death of a Salesman. Is Biff the true hero of death of a salesman The question posed here, â€Å"Is Biff the true hero of death of a salesman† asks the writer to asses’ weather or not Biff is the ‘true’ hero of Death of a salesman as oppose to Willy Lowman’s role given to him by the author A.Miller as being the tragic hero. Miller broke from the norm of traditional characterization when creating the character Willy Lowman, in that the archetypal Tragic hero had to be a descendant of nobility or aristocratic decent, who’s demise affects not just those close to him but a group of people e.g a population, state of notoriety or kingdom. America had never had the Kings and Queens that a traditional tragedy had historically needed, Miller’s intention was to show how the common working class man could be shown to be a tragic hero and an American tragic hero as oppose to a Greek or Shakespearian one. Linda becomes Millers voice in the play â€Å"attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person† (Page 44) showing that in Millers eyes a regular person can and should be seen as a tragic hero. Biff in Death of as salesman must be seen to be the main protagonist due to his ability to see the proverbial holes in the proverbial fabric of not only his, Willys and all the Lowman’s lives but also the holes that people fall through in pursuit of a dream. The dream in this case being Millers idea of the American dream. The idea of the American dream stems from the notion that America is or was the ‘land of opportunity’ a bountiful land of infinite horizons and opportunities waiting to be explored and taken. Miller paints Biff as a character who initially buys into his farther idealistic view that a â€Å"well liked† person will have doors opened for them, in this sense Willy felt that the reputation of a person directly reflected its self in sales figures which translates directly in to wealth which he would use to translate into time spend more time with his family showing that Willy was a good man who’s goal was for the well being of his loved o nes, its just that his dream was wrong, â€Å"all wrong†. This idea of the acquisition of wealth and being well liked (not to suggest that to be well liked should be avoided, but to actively seek it out above all else can bare negative connotations) detracts Willy from the main goal in anyone’s life to be happy and develop a sense of fullness through honest self discovery. Given that at the time of Millers play the idea of the American dream was tarnished only by a few American writers of that the time and was still a prevalent driving force in American society a relatively young society, Miller Gives the reader the sense that this dream or the pursuit of it is not the only dream or even the right dream for all people. In the United States Declaration of Independence listed among the ‘unalienable rights’ is written â€Å"We hold these truths to be self–evident, That all men are created equal, That they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, That among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†, This extract from the defining piece of American literary history supports Millers character Biff Lowman’s idea of discovering ones self in America as oppose to simply discovering wealth. Willy’s dream was not him, it was not who he was or what he wanted to do. Willies own American dream was lived through the idea of acquisition of wealth and gaining notoriety as oppose to finding his own dream and perusing it. Biff buying into his fathers dream goes to see Oliver with the intention of getting twenty thousand dollars in-order to set up in business with his brother happy however Biff sitting in Oliver’s office realizes that he never has been a sales man nor was it his intention to be one, â€Å"How the hell did I ever get the idea I was a salesman there?† (Page 82) it was his fathers dream. Bill Oliver doesn’t recognize Biff and in the frustration of the realization he had lied to himself Biff takes Oliver’s pen. The taking of this pen is symbolic in the sense that Biff has always been overly praised by his farther giving him an over inflated ego, he was never told not to steal and Willy often praised him for it â€Å"Shut up! He’s not stealing anything!† (Page 40) in addition the taking of the pen by Biff at the office of Mr Oliver can also be seen as Biff taking something for himself, something physical, from a life in which he feels he plays no real part, the act of taking the fountain pen, something physical, sees this object become the reparations he seeks from following his farther faulty ideals and beliefs. Towards the end of the play this acceptance of stealing becomes more prevalent when he admits he stole a suit and spent time in prision for the theft. Biff is the only one who voices his opinion that they had been following the wrong dream realizing he was not a leader of men and that he was good, like willy, with his hands and he should be out west being practical bui lding something or working as a farm hand. Willies adoration of Dave Singleman a man he met whilst a traveling salesman is one of a warped view. Singleman becomes a farther figure, role model and source of inspiration for Willy, â€Å"Cause what could be more satisfying than to be able to go, at the age of eighty-four†¦ and be remembered and loved and helped by so many people?† (Page 63). The name Dave Singleman however can be seen to imply Singleman is a ‘single’ man a man who lives out of a suitcase moving from hotel to hotel in solitude and isolation. The characteristics of this interpretation of Singleman Willies role model seem reflect on Willie in his life, adopting the idea of a salesman who is well liked will be a success however once again this is the wrong dream for Willie to be following. At the time Biff catches Willie his farther with another woman he is going to Willie for help, to see if he can speak to his math’s teacher to get him to bump up his mark so that he could graduate and take up his college football scholarship, he goes expecting his farther the â€Å"well liked† salesman with all the charm and charisma in the world to be able to get him out of having to re-sit his exam however he comes to realize Willie is not who he makes himself out to be when he uncovers this deception, â€Å"Biff Don’t touch me you – liar! Willy â€Å"Apologize for that!† Biff â€Å"You fake! You phony little fake! You fake!† from this moment on Biff starts to se Willie for who and what he truly is and most importantly seeing his fathers flaws, this is important because it allows biff later in life to see through the ‘vie en rose’ and deluded image that Willie tries to purvey thus allowing him to start to discover ad pursue hi s own dream. Willie believes he has to be successful for Biff to love him but Biff rather ironically has loved him all along which Willie realizes at the end of the play when Biff breaks down and cries in front of him to which he says â€Å"isn’t that – isn’t that remarkable? Biff – he like me!† (Page 106). This realization however does not detract Willie from his mission to take his own life, shortly after he has another delusion of Ben (the delusion of him being his older and more successful brother although he had not seen his brother since he had left him in thier youth) this shows that Willie has gone too far in his mental degradation when his conversation with Ben even after his realization with Biff spurs him on even more to take his own life. Ben says to Willie that â€Å"the jungle is dark but full of diamonds† (page 106) suggesting that willies death is the dark jungle and that from his death he will receive diamonds, the diamonds in this case being insurance money the family more notably Biff was to receive from his death, money that he would have left to biff to start up a business, once again this shows that Willy still can’t see what Biff was trying to say to him and that he was never going to give up on the pursuit of his dream. Biff up on returning home after he and happy had left Willy in the chop house realises he must be honest with his farther about who he is in order to realise his dreams â€Å"Biff- Pop! I’m a dime a dozen, and so are you!, Willy – I am not a dime a dozen! I am Willy Lowman and you are Biff Lowman!, Biff – I am not a leader of men, Willy, and neither are you.† For Biff it is in renouncing Willy and willies dreams that he becomes free to dictate his own future and it is here that for the first time in his life completely rids himself of the oppressive shackles of willies dreams. This can be interpreted also as the death of Biff as the sales man, the death of his affiliation and obligation to willies ideologies allowing him to be free to start his new life out west, bringing new life withe the death of an old one, the death of a salesman. In conclusion since Biff is the only member of the family to renounce Willys idea of the American dream with the addition of realizing his own dream and what he must do to peruse it, Biff therefor must be seen to be the true hero. It must be added also that the American dream can still apply to Biff’s pursuit only Biff’s pursuit as stated in the American constitution is a pursuit of happiness the happiness Willie never managed to gain for himself or his family by following his own American dream.